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developed since time is easier to measure than moisture content. However, moisture content-based schedules are considered more reliable because they are sensitive to each kiln load's specific characteristics. Kiln schedules allow for higher quality requirements to be achieved (Holmes, 1996). 2.4.4. Corrosion and Maintenance Species that contain a lot of extractives can produce corrosive organic acids (Tsoumis, 1991). In order to control corrosion, Little & Moschler (1994) recommended the following steps: • Improvement of kiln design. • Use of more durable building materials in kiln construction (for example, fibreglass is more resistant to acidic wood extractives than aluminum). • Use of suitable coatings. Maintenance of equipment is critical for the kiln to operate efficiently (Boone & Simpson, 1997b). Periodic inspections and timely repairs are needed. Elements for inspection include the structures of kilns, controlling equipment, kiln trucks, and systems for airflow, vents, heating, and humidification. 2.4.5. Types of Kilns There are several types of kilns, each with different features. The main characteristics as well as advantages and disadvantages of the major kiln types are presented below. 2.4.5.1. Steam Heated Highly popular steam heated kilns use steam to transfer heat to the kiln environment and thereafter to the wood. Steam is transported into the kiln by pipes, which end up in heating coils from which circulating air will pick up thermal energy. The presence of steam engineers is necessary with this kiln type. However, a conditioning treatment (which is important for drying material for value-added products) is possible since there is available steam (Avramidis, 2003). In some operations, the steam is generated by burning wood and residue which is an inexpensive source of energy (Boone & Simpson, 1997a). 11PDF Image | KILN DRYING PROBLEMS AND ISSUES IN CANADA
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