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Another way to address air flow problems is to improve the use of baffles. Baffles are pieces of wood, metal or canvas put inside the kiln to adjust air flow (Boone, 1997). Recommendations for improving their use include maintaining them in good condition, or holding them tightly in their position. Additional suggestions for improving air flow involve proper adjustment of blade angles of fans (which can increase air flow), and the correct use of stickers (Beckwith, 1994). Equipment is available to measure airflow within lumber stacks and should be used frequently (Denig & Hanover, 1990). 2.4.2. Energy Required Considerable amounts of energy are required to operate dry kilns. Both thermal energy (to heat the air inside the kiln) and electrical energy (to operate the fans) are necessary. Thermal energy can be bought or created in-house (e.g., by burning wood residues). Energy requirements may depend on many factors such as type of kiln, species dried, width of stack and thickness of stickers. However, they are also dependent on performing drying efficiently. There is a multitude of recommendations for increasing efficiency that include proper maintenance, calibration of monitoring equipment, fast unloading and reloading of the kiln, or even the use of air drying (Tschernitz, 1997). Costs can also be reduced by capturing heat from a large kiln and transferring it to a smaller one (Shmulsky & Taylor, 2001), or by using dehumidification kilns, where water from the wood is not taken out of the kiln as steam but as liquid, thus, recovering a good portion of the heat of vaporization (Tsoumis, 1991). Procedures that promote efficient drying can result in energy savings and therefore reductions in operational costs. 2.4.3. Kiln Schedules A kiln schedule is the sequence of temperature and relative humidity conditions inside the kiln over time (Haygreen & Bowyer, 1996). Schedules vary according to the size and species dried and the final moisture content requirements. Optimized kiln schedules try to reduce degrade and time of drying. The first kiln schedules were created based on changes of moisture content of the boards (moisture content-based schedules) (Wengert, 1994b). With accumulation of experience, time-based schedules were 10PDF Image | KILN DRYING PROBLEMS AND ISSUES IN CANADA
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