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METHANE RECOVERY FROM ANIMAL MANURES: THE CURRENT OPPORTUNITIES CASEBOOK includes a long list of proposals that would gradually tighten restrictions on farms over the next 7 years, requiring farms to obtain permits to produce manure, develop plans to properly dispose of it, and undergo inspections to make sure they are following through. The permits would automatically be necessary for any farm with more than 1,000 “animal units,” which the EPA defines as 1,000 cattle, 2,500 swine or 100,000 laying hens. In addition, the regulators could require permits for smaller farms that have a history of pollution or are located in environmentally sensitive areas. Many of the proposals can be implemented under current laws, although a few would require new regulations. The draft strategy sets goals for EPA and the states to fully regulate and issue Clean Water Act permits to the largest CAFOs by 2003 and to fully regulate and permit all other CAFOs and priority facilities in impaired watersheds by 2005. Of course, other voices are being raised in this debate about the environmental impact of livestock production and the need for new regulations. Rather than regulations, some call for more effective enforcement of current rules. “If compliance with current regulations is inadequate, then that is what needs to be focused on before any new regulatory schemes are 25 pursued.” Undergirding this discussion is an ongoing debate in several state legislatures and reports in the news media regarding the perceived or real environmental threats of larger and larger operations and, in general, the changing demographics of the livestock industry. “I think that we must keep the current debate on these issues properly divided regarding the credible scientific issues involved with waste management on one hand and separately, the emotional 26 and economic issues of a changing livestock industry.” 2.5 Nutrient Utilization and Anaerobic Digestion Nearly all animal manures are land applied, which means that some of their nutrient value is returned to the soil for plant growth. However, much of the nutrient value contained in manure can be lost before it is recycled or before the nutrients can be presented in a plant usable form. Susceptibility to problems from high manure nutrient concentrations varies by region, but also because of other factors such as manure nutrient application rates and timing, soil type, climate, tillage and pasture management practices, and conservation practices. In particular, the various forms of nitrogen-containing compounds (Table 2.1) are associated with a range of issues such as ground and surface water pollution, air pollution, acid rain, and building surface degradation. Phosphorus is not as mobile as some forms of nitrogen and tends to be carried on soil particles that move off the field because of erosion. However, as the phosphorus content in the soil increases, the potential for the element to move off the field in solution is also increased. 25 U.S. House of Representatives, Agriculture Subcommittee on Forestry, Resource Conservation, and Research and the Subcommittee on Livestock, Dairy, and Poultry. (1998). Combest, Pombo Question Need for New Animal Feedlot Regulations, EPA Should First Improve Current Program Management. 13 May 1998 Press Release, Washington, DC. 26 Supra, Note 25. 2-16PDF Image | Methane Recovery from Animal Manures The Current Opportunities Casebook
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