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METHANE RECOVERY FROM ANIMAL MANURES: THE CURRENT OPPORTUNITIES CASEBOOK TABLE 2.1: Important Nitrogenic Compounds Derived from Agriculture N2 Molecular nitrogen deriving from denitrification in the earth and surface water. 78% of the atmospheric gas is N2. - NO3 Nitrate (in water HNO3: nitric acid). - NO2 Nitrite (in water HNO2: nitrous acid). + : ammonium). Formed during protein & urea (NH2)2CO Urea. Excreted with the urine of mammals (Uric acid in poultry). A problem that may result from applying animal manures is ammonia emissions. For example, more mineral nitrogen than manure is still used as fertilizer in Switzerland and 27 NOx Nitric oxides comprising NO, NO2 and NO3 (Nitrogen mono-, di- and trioxide). Formed during incomplete denitrification and during the combustion of biomass and fossil fuels. NH3 Ammonia (in water NH4 degradation. Yet, more ammonia emissions are released from manure. An almost equal amount can be lost during manure storage as during its land application. Nitrogen released from manure into the atmosphere returns to ground by rain and wind. In countries such as Denmark with steady winds, nitrogen losses from manure storage in open tanks or lagoons can be as high as 70%. In states such as North Carolina, scientists long ago determined that when livestock manure is discharged into open lagoons, as much as 50% of the nitrogen is lost as the manure decomposes. Concerns about the atmospheric deposition of 28 The USDA’s NRCS conducted a computer simulation manure relative to crop growth requirements. Sixteen livestock population types and 78 harvested crops, including hay crops and pasture, were evaluated. From these estimates, nitrogen and phosphorus availability relative to crop need was calculated for each of the 3,079 counties in the United States. In a non-legume crops and hay simulation, manure phosphorus availability exceeds the plant uptake and removal potential in 485 counties. This suggests that 16% of the nation’s counties could have excess manure phosphorus availability. As expected, the potential for phosphorus or nitrogen to exceed crop uptake and removal decreases as the breadth of the evaluated land base increases. When a non-legume and legume crops, hay, and pasture simulation is assessed, only 107 counties have manure phosphorus in excess of plant uptake and removal potential. This translates to a nearly 78% decline in the number of counties from the previous scenario. 27 28 29 Lander, C.; Moffit, D.; Alt, K. (1998). Nutrients Available from Livestock Manure Relative to Crop Growth Requirements, Resource Assessment and Strategic Planning Working Paper 98-1. The report is available at http://www.nhq.nrcs.usda.gov/land/pubs/nlweb.html. Germany. nitrogen impacts in the United States are just beginning. 29 on nutrients available from livestock Wellinger, A. (2 June 1998). Personal communication. NovaEnergie, Ettenhausen, Switzerland. Leavenworth, S.; Shiffer, J. (5 July 1998). “Airborne Menace.” Raleigh, NC, Raleigh News and Observer. 2-17PDF Image | Methane Recovery from Animal Manures The Current Opportunities Casebook
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