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METHANE RECOVERY FROM ANIMAL MANURES: THE CURRENT OPPORTUNITIES CASEBOOK increasing concentrations of manure mean that the risk of water pollution from waste spills, runoff from fields, and leakage from storage facilities is also increasing.” The study also indicated the nation’s agricultural officials consider 60% of rivers and streams “impaired”, with agricultural runoff the largest contributor to that pollution. In 1997 alone, more Some recent studies indicate that increasing concentrations of farm animals are associated with a wide range of environmental pollutants than 40 animal manure spills killed 670,000 fish in Iowa, Minnesota, and Missouri, the study revealed. That was up from 20 spills in 1992. The report also noted that the rise of large- scale livestock operations, a growing trend among meat producers, has greatly increased the risk of manure spills, because the large farms produce more manure than can be spread over nearby cropland. For example, over the past 15 years, the number of hog farms nationally has dropped to 157,000 from about 600,000, but the overall output of hogs has increased. In March of 1998, the EPA announced plans to begin regulating large livestock farms much like factories and other waste-producing industries, requiring permits and inspections in an unprecedented effort to keep manure out of rivers and streams. The plan would dramatically increase the government’s oversight of thousands of the nation’s largest farms. Based on the 1992 Census of Agriculture data, there are 450,000 animal feeding operations 23 with confined (not pasture) feedlots out of a total of 640,000 farms with livestock. These feedlots primarily include beef, hog, chicken, dairy, and turkey facilities. About 6,600 of these operations fall into the largest category and are referred to as concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs). These operations represent approximately 35% of the total livestock population and are generally concentrated on small land areas. The Clean Water Act currently gives states the authority to regulate CAFOs. A large number come under state regulation, which can be more stringent than that of the federal government. However, in practice only 24 about a quarter of them currently are regulated. According to the EPA’s draft plan, it would apply the Clean Water Act’s full authority to an agricultural sector that produces large amounts of waste, yet is exempt from many of the pollution controls that apply to small municipal sewage plants or even septic systems. The EPA’s plan 23 report is available at http://www.nass.usda.gov/census/census92/agrimenu.htm. U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service. (1993). Census of Agriculture. The 24 Animal Feeding Operations. 5 March Press Release, Washington, DC. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (1998). EPA to Better Protect Public Health and the Environment from 2-15PDF Image | Methane Recovery from Animal Manures The Current Opportunities Casebook
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