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METHANE RECOVERY FROM ANIMAL MANURES: THE CURRENT OPPORTUNITIES CASEBOOK 2.4 Environment and Anaerobic Digestion Growth and concentration of the livestock industry in the United States create opportunities for the proper disposal of the large quantities of manures generated at dairy, swine, and poultry farms. The potential pollutants from decomposing livestock manures are BOD, pathogens, nutrients, methane, and ammonia emissions. The major pollution problems associated with these wastes are surface and groundwater contamination and surface air pollution caused by odors, dust, and ammonia. There is also concern about the contribution of methane emissions to global climate change. Consequently, manure management systems that enable prevent pollution prevention and produce energy are becoming increasingly attractive. Methods of controlling agricultural non-point pollution sources are not as developed as those for point sources. Solutions to non-point problems involve land-use planning and practices that are largely the responsibility of state and local governments. Most federal efforts to control agricultural non-point sources have emphasized a voluntary, non-regulatory approach based on the implementation of best management practices (BMPs) instead of regulations. In developing BMPs, states often take economic, institutional, and technical factors into consideration. Section 319 of the federal Clean Water Act created a program to control non-point sources of pollution and to protect groundwater. Each state is required to submit an assessment of state waters that fall below water quality standards because of non-point source pollution. Each state is also required to develop a management program for controlling non-point source pollution. Most agricultural activities have been classified as non-point sources of water pollution. Livestock non- point sources of water pollution include range and pastureland, feeding and watering sites, confinement facilities, and manure disposal areas. These wastes are widely dispersed and are more difficult to regulate than effluents from point sources such as sewers and pipes. Including point sources, agriculture is now alleged to be the leading source of water pollution in the 21 country. Many livestock producers believe that these figures are not accurate and are biased upward because only those waters known to have water quality problems are sampled. 22 According to a U.S. Senate study, there are no national standards for dealing with animal manures. Although the units were not detailed, the study also reported that the amount of animal manure produced in the United States is 130 times greater than the amount of human waste. Using one example, a single 50,000-acre hog farm being built in Utah could produce more residues than the city of Los Angeles. “As animals become increasingly concentrated...and on larger operations, there is not always enough crop land to use all of the manure as fertilizer. These 21 Weinberg, R. (1991). “EPA Programs Addressing Animal Waste Management.” Proceedings of a National Workshop on Livestock, Poultry & Aquaculture Waste Management. Niles, MI: American Society of Agricultural Engineers. 22 U.S. Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, & Forestry (1997). Animal Waste Pollution in America: Environmental Risks of Livestock & Poultry Production. Report compiled by the Minority Staff for Senator Tom Harkin (D-IA). Washington, DC. 2-14PDF Image | Methane Recovery from Animal Manures The Current Opportunities Casebook
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