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discount methods require the estimation of cash flows over the entire time span of the analysis. If they relate to longer periods, such estimates will obviously involve considerable uncertainty. One could rely on a trend analysis, but even highly industrialised and established economies are occasionally subject to unforeseeable social and economic events, which may drastically change the market price structure. Following a preliminary profitability evaluation, the following assumptions are usually adopted: • costs and revenues are estimated on the basis of time-zero data; • all the economic effects are discounted to year (time) zero (t=0); • financial expenses incurred in the years preceding year zero (t<0) are discounted to level zero; • the project becomes fully operational in the first year of operation; • all loans contracted in the financial market are fixed-rate loans; • the time span covered by the analysis is counted in full years. It should be noted that some of the above simplifications may be omitted if – at the time when an analysis is performed – there are reliable grounds to factor future economic events into the calculations. Frequently included in the calculations are price and cost escalation rates, reflecting the projected changes of selected prices in relation to assumed inflation. It should also be remembered that in the case of long-term analyses, the margin of error is, predictably, quite large [30]. 83PDF Image | Landfill Gas Energy Technologies
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