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where: KE – cost of energy, Km – cost of raw materials and other inputs, Kp – cost of labour, Krem – cost of operation & maintenance, Kśr – environmental charges (e.g. for air emissions, wastewater discharge, waste disposal, etc.) [30]. Depreciation During its operation, every piece of equipment (fixed asset) is subject to gradual wear and tear as well as economic depreciation (technological outdating or obsolescence). Depreciation of a piece of equipment entails a decline in its value. Depreciation is the process of accumulating funds to cover the cost of replacing the asset after it is withdrawn from service [30]. Net Value of Products Sold (Net Revenue) Sn The value of sales Sn is calculated as sales revenue net of VAT paid (net value of sales). In the case of the most frequent LFG projects in Poland, i.e. electricity generation projects, two sources of revenue may be identified: • revenue from sales of electricity; The Polish law requires power utilities to purchase electricity from renewable energy sources [43]. In most cases, the price of electricity sold is determined by the President of the Energy Regulatory Office [44]. • revenue from sales of energy certificates (“green certificates”). A Polish producer of electricity from renewable energy sources may receive additional support in the form of Energy Certificates. Under the Energy Certification System, electricity producers obtain energy certificates (“green certificates”), which may be subsequently sold on electricity exchanges. Energy certificates are obtained on the basis of electricity output. 3.3.2. Methods Used to Evaluate Profitability of Landfill Gas-to-Energy Projects Dynamic analyses – accounting for changes in the time value of money. The key advantage of discount methods is the fact that they capture the distribution of cash flows over time. However, what is an advantage may also pose a major practical difficulty, as 82PDF Image | Landfill Gas Energy Technologies
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