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Sn – net value of products sold (net revenue), i.e. net of VAT, K – total cost of products sold, F – finance charges, i.e. interest on loan repayments, Pd – income tax, R – loan repayment, L – break-up value of the business. The total cost of products sold K is usually one of the main items of cash flows. In accounting terms, the cost of products sold K includes the items used to determine the tax base: K=Ke +Kop +F+A where: Ke – cost of project operation, Kop – general and administrative expenses, operating expenses, A – depreciation charges [30]. Capital Costs Jo Jo represents the aggregated capital costs incurred during the project development. If the development stage is short (up to one year), J0 is a straightforward sum of the costs incurred. However, if the project development takes longer than one year, the costs incurred need to be discounted to their present value as at the time of project completion, i.e. year zero [30]. Cost of Products Sold K The cost of products sold represents one of the most important items of cash flows, as in most cases its reduction is the only chance to maximise profit. Moreover, the criterion of minimum cost of production sold (at constant production rates) determines the choice of the optimum investment scenario. Two of the above components of the total cost – cost of project operation Ke and depreciation charges A – need to be discussed in more detail. Cost of Project Operation Ke. The cost of project operation includes the following key items: Ke =KE +Km +Kp +Krem +Kśr 81PDF Image | Landfill Gas Energy Technologies
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