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drained or pumped to discharge. Such devices are simple and capable of handling large gas 3 flows (up to 10 000 m /hour) and of removing > 1 litre/minute of water [8]. Foam removal One refinement of water control systems is the incorporation of coalescing (or demisting) meshes in the gas pipes entering and leaving a condensate knockout drum. These meshes collapse entrained foam and prevent carryover. Typically, the meshes are woven stainless steel pads which provide a large surface area to trap the foam and allow it to drain under gravity to the collection drum [8]. Vapour reduction Raising the pressure of a gas mixture leads to an increase in temperature. While some of the heat of compression will be dissipated at source, the temperature of the delivery gas stream will inevitably be significantly higher than ambient. This may make it necessary to cool the gas to protect control valve seats, to prevent over-stressing of polyethylene (PE) pipework and to meet other criteria for reliable metering or consumer safety considerations. For applications where gas conditioning is specified (e.g. to reduce the amount of water vapour and lower the dew point), a pre-chilling step may be required to avoid an excessive thermal load on the conditioning unit. Pre-chilling and after-cooling are carried out for different reasons, but both involve heat removal from the high-pressure delivery gas stream. The amount of heat to be removed will depend on: • the specific heat capacity of the gas mixture; • the booster exit temperature; • the mass flow rate of gas; • the specified final temperature. For typical primary clean-up processes (e.g. those using a centrifugal gas booster), the heat load is unlikely to require specialist equipment and a length of 5 – 10 meters of corrosion- protected steel pipework may be sufficient. However, a forced draught cooling stage may be helpful in some cases, e.g. space is restricted. During after-cooling, compression will reduce the relative humidity. This will depend on the specific moisture content of the gas stream leaving the landfill and will be reversed on cooling. The reduction in relative humidity can lead to condensation in the delivery line, causing problems for the consumer. It is therefore 20PDF Image | Landfill Gas Energy Technologies
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