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1.3.1 Primary Treatment Primary treatment technologies represent the first stage in reducing the amount of contaminants in the landfill gas and typically use simple physical process operations. The main contaminants removed (or reduced) are: • water (referred to as ‘condensate’), • particulates. The technology used to remove these contaminants have been in use for many years and are now a relatively standard element of active landfill gas management plants [8]. Water/condensate knockout The presence of liquid water in landfill gas pipework can have a detrimental effect on plant performance. First, the accumulation of water reduces the space available for gas flow and raises the pressure loss. Secondly, the unstable nature of two-phase flow (i.e. liquid and gas combined) can give rise to oscillations, which in turn, make it difficult to achieve a steady and controllable operation. The presence of contaminated water can also lead to deposits on the pipe walls, which reduce the smoothness and further increase the pressure loss. The presence of liquid water in landfill gas pipes should thus be both controlled and minimized. Depending on the source of the gas and the application or proposed use of the treated landfill gas, three components can be treated. These are: • slugs of liquid • gas-liquid foam • uncondensed water vapour [8]. Liquid water capture In-line de-watering is frequently adopted by landfill operators and is usually installed within the landfill gas collection network. However, there is invariably a need to incorporate additional control measures to prevent onward transmission of liquid water. In some cases, drains and water traps may be adequate for a particular supply gas specification. A further common practice – usually forming the final element of de-watering – is a knockout drum. This is often called a ‘condensate knockout pot’ – and occasionally a ‘slug catcher’ – and is located as close as practicable to the inlet to the gas booster. The purpose of the knockout drum is to lower the gas velocity sufficiently for ‘dropout’ of liquid, which can then be 19PDF Image | Landfill Gas Energy Technologies
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