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In conventional kiln drying, wood dries first from the outside and then the inside. The moisture content gradient produced creates stresses and drying defects. Drying schedules are used to reduce drying stresses by controlling the temperature, relative humidity, and air velocity. However, drying too fast at the beginning stage of a drying schedule can produce the following defects in the wood (Lamb and Wenegert 1982): 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Surface Checks End Checks Internal Checks (Including Honeycomb) Splits and Cracks Collapse By the such as: (Lamb and Wenegert 1982): contrary, if lumber is dried to slowly at a high relative humidity, it can produce defects 1. Fungal or Blue Stain 2. Chemical Stain or Graying 3. Warp (Especially Cup) 4. Mold and Mildew The following defects are caused by poor stacking and stickering: 1. Warp (Especially Bow) 2. Uneven Drying The three flooring manufactures that use conventional drying (air drying + kiln drying) in their daily operations did not quantify or evaluate the lumber quality; therefore, information from literature was used to compare conventional and vacuum drying quality aspects. However, the comparison from the literature refers to vacuum drying and kiln drying. The results are presented in table 10. Table 10 Comparison of Vacuum and kiln Drying Quality Characteristics Technology Source Color War Checks MC Shrinkage Drying 63PDF Image | Impact of Vacuum-Drying on Efficiency of Hardwood Products
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