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2.1.3 Shear Figure 3 shows a composite experiencing a shear load. This load is trying to slide adjacent layers of fibres over each other. Under shear loads the resin plays the major role, transferring the stresses across the composite. For the composite to perform well under shear loads the resin element must not only exhibit good mechanical properties but must also have high adhesion to the reinforcement fibre. The interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) of a composite is often used to indicate this property in a multi-layer composite (‘laminate’). Figure 3 – Shear loading 2.1.4 Flexure Flexural loads are really a combination of tensile, compression and shear loads. When loaded as shown, the upper face is put into compression, the lower face into tension and the central portion of the laminate experiences shear. Figure 4 – Flexural loading 2.2 Stress or strain? The strength of a laminate is usually thought of in terms of how much load it can with- stand before it suffers complete failure. This ultimate or breaking strength is the point at which the resin exhibits catastrophic breakdown and the fibre reinforcements break. However, before this ultimate strength is achieved, the laminate will reach a stress level where the resin will begin to crack away from those fibre reinforcements not aligned with the applied load, and these cracks will spread through the resin matrix. This is known as ‘transverse micro-cracking’ and, although the laminate has not completely failed at this point, the breakdown process has commenced. Consequently, engineers who want a long-lasting structure must ensure that their laminates do not exceed this point under regular service loads. GTC-6-0417 - 7PDF Image | GUIDE TO COMPOSITES
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