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The geometry of the fibres in a composite is also important since fibres have their highest mechanical properties along their lengths, rather than across their widths. This leads to the highly anisotropic properties of composites, where, unlike metals, the mechanical properties of the composite are likely to be very different when tested in different directions. This means that it is very important when considering the use of composites to understand at the design stage, both the magnitude and the direction of the applied loads. When correctly accounted for, these anisotropic properties can be very advantageous since it is only necessary to put material where loads will be applied, and thus redundant material is avoided. It is also important to note that with metals the properties of the materials are largely determined by the material supplier, and the person who fabricates the materials into a finished structure can do almost nothing to change those ‘in-built’ properties. How- ever, a composite material is formed at the same time as the structure is itself being fabricated. This is a FUNDAMENTAL distinction of composite materials and MUST always be considered during design and manufacturing stages. 2 Designing with composites 2.1 Loading There are four main direct loads that any material in a structure has to withstand: ten- sion, compression, shear and flexure. 2.1.1 Tension Fig. 2 shows a tensile load applied to a composite. The response of a composite to tensile loads is very dependent on the tensile stiffness and strength properties of the reinforcement fibres, since these are far higher than the resin system on its own. Figure 1 – Tensile loading 2.1.2 Compression Figure 2 shows a composite under a compressive load. Here, the adhesive and stiff- ness properties of the resin system are crucial, as it is the role of the resin to maintain the fibres as straight columns and to prevent them from buckling. Figure 2 – Compressive loading 6 - GTC-6-0417PDF Image | GUIDE TO COMPOSITES
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