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9/8/98 AC 43.13-1B 7-34. GENERAL. “Hardware” is the term used to describe the various types of fasteners and small items used to assemble and repair aircraft structures and components. Only hardware with traceability to an approved manufacturing process or source should be used. This traceability will ensure that the hardware is at least equal to the original or properly-altered condition. Hardware that is not traceable or is improperly altered, may be substandard or counterfeit, since their physical properties cannot be substantiated. Selection and use of fasteners are as varied as the types of aircraft; therefore, care should be taken to ensure fasteners are approved by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) for the in- tended installation, repair, or replacement. Threaded fasteners (bolts/screws) and rivets are the most commonly used fasteners because they are designed to carry shear and/or tensile loads. 7-35. BOLTS. Most bolts used in aircraft structures are either general-purpose, internal- wrenching, or close-tolerance AN, NAS, or MS bolts. In certain cases, fastener manufac- turers produce bolts of different dimensions or greater strength than the standard types. Such bolts are made for a particular application, and it is of extreme importance to use like bolts in replacement. Design specifications are available in MIL-HDBK-5 or USAF/Navy T.O. 1-1A-8/NAVAIR 01-1A-8. References should be made to military specifications and industry design standards such as NAS, the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), and Aerospace Material Standards (AMS). Typical bolt types are shown in table 7-12. 7-36. IDENTIFICATION. Aircraft bolts may be identified by code markings on the bolt heads. These markings generally denote the material of which the bolt is made, whether the bolt is a standard AN-type or a special-purpose bolt, and sometimes include the manufacturer. a. AN standard steel bolts are marked with either a raised dash or asterisk, corrosion- resistant steel is marked by a single dash, and AN aluminum-alloy bolts are marked with two raised dashes. b. Special-purpose bolts include high- strength, low-strength, and close-tolerance types. These bolts are normally inspected by magnetic particle inspection methods. Typical markings include “SPEC” (usually heat-treated for strength and durability), and an aircraft manufacturer’s part number stamped on the head. Bolts with no markings are low strength. Close-tolerance NAS bolts are marked with either a raised or recessed triangle. The mate- rial markings for NAS bolts are the same as for AN bolts, except they may be either raised or recessed. Bolts requiring non-destructive in- spection (NDI) by magnetic particle inspection are identified by means of colored lacquer, or head markings of a distinctive type. (See fig- ure 7-1.) 7-37. GRIP LENGTH. In general, bolt grip lengths of a fastener is the thickness of the material the fastener is designed to hold when two or more parts are being assembled. Bolts of slightly greater grip length may be used, provided washers are placed under the nut or bolthead. The maximum combined height of washers that should be used is 1/8 inch. This limits the use of washers necessary to compen- sate for grip, up to the next standard grip size. Over the years, some fasteners specifications have been changed. For this reason, it is rec- ommended when making repairs to an aircraft, whose original hardware is being replaced, that you must first measure the bolt before order- ing, rather than relying on the parts manual for Par 7-34 Page 7-5 SECTION 3. BOLTSPDF Image | AFS-640
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