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less than 30 percent, particularly if compression of the natural gas fuel stream is required. Costs are below $1,000 / kW but still much higher than for internal-combustion engine gensets. Microturbine manufacturers expect that product costs will decline significantly as production volumes increase, simply because of learning curve effects. The Stirling cycle has been investigated for many years but has been plagued by difficult engineering problems. In the last five years, several entrepreneurial companies have addressed and solved these persistent problems and have introduced 5 to 50 kW Stirling engine gensets commercially. Because the working fluid in Stirling systems is heated via external combustion of fuel, they are very versatile and can run on low-grade synthesis gas, landfill gas, biogas, and even waste heat, as well as concentrated solar radiation. With inherently high efficiency (the first commercial units are in the 30 to 35 percent range, and laboratory demonstrations have shown better than 40 percent) and components producible by traditional automotive engine suppliers, Stirling microgenerators have the potential to be exceptionally attractive economically. Although solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are not yet available commercially, substantial progress has been made in the last five years on fuel cell couples in which the electrolyte is a ceramic (typically yttrium-stabilized zirconium). Even though difficult technical problems of thermal stability and sealing remain to be solved, precommercial systems are now being demonstrated by a number of companies worldwide. SOFCs operate at high temperature (600 to 1,000oC), thus offering excellent potential for CHP applications, and have the advantage that they can operate on lightly pre-reformed fossil fuels, instead of the pure hydrogen stream required by polymer-membrane systems. SOFCs have inherently high efficiency (40 percent or better). 4PDF Image | Microgeneration Technology : Shaping Energy Markets
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