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reliable power generated locally. These systems, which are penetrating markets at levels that were almost unthinkable only a few years ago, are in the vanguard of profound, fundamental changes in the world’s electric system. Fossil-Fuel Microgeneration Technologies Some of the most interesting developments in this area are in traditional internal-combustion engines, microturbines, Stirling engine systems, and solid-oxide fuel cells. Widely used in backup power and peaking applications for decades, internal-combustion engines have been refined substantially in the last few years to achieve expected lifetimes of up to 50,000 hours in continuous operation, higher efficiencies (now better than 30 percent), and lower emissions of criteria pollutants (low enough so they can be operated in most metropolitan air sheds). European companies have introduced engine systems in the range of 10 to 100 kW with CHP integration that can achieve customer paybacks in one to three years. Prime-power internal-combustion engine systems with CHP have become commonplace in commercial applications (e.g., in multistory city-center office buildings, food processing plants, and retail outlets) in both the United States and Europe. Systems for handling residential loads (5 to 10 kW) are now being introduced in Europe. In the last three years, microturbine-based gensets in the 30 to 200 kW range have been introduced commercially by a number of companies on both sides of the Atlantic and in Japan, often with CHP capability, using the high-grade heat available in the turbine exhaust stream. With technology lineage in aircraft auxiliary turbines and truck turbochargers, microturbines have single-component cores, air bearings, and custom-designed recuperators, as well as very sophisticated power electronics to convert high-frequency (50,000 to 100,000 Hertz) AC power to DC power and then back to line-frequency AC. Efficiencies are improving but are typically 3PDF Image | Microgeneration Technology : Shaping Energy Markets
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