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Federal Technology Alert absorbent are classified by the method of heat input (direct-fired or indirect-fired) and whether the absorption cycle is single or multiple effect. The direct-fired absorption chillers contain fossil fuel burners to provide the heat source. Indirect-fired units use hot water or steam from a separate heat source to provide the heat input. Exhaust-fired unites use hot exhaust gases directly as their heat source. Single-effect absorption chillers generally use water from 116oC to132oC (240oF to 270oF) with some smaller machines for waste heat applications using 190oF, or low pressure (9 to 12 psig) steam. Double-effect chillers provide increased efficiency but also need higher-pressure steam (i.e., 100 psig) or high-tempera ture water (i.e., 188oC or 370oF). The current CHP test facility configuration contains an indirect-fired, single-effect 10-ton AC. 2.3 EMISSIONS MONITORING7 The air pollutants most significant to gas microturbine-based CHP system operation are nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and sulfur dioxide (SO2), all of which can have a significant effect on the level of envi ronmental pollution. These pollutants along with, lead (Pb), ozone (O3), and particulates are among six criteria air pollutants that have had ambient air limits set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Therefore, these three pollutants were of most interest during the emissions studies performed at the Integrated Test Facility. An Enerac 3000E flue gas analyzer supported by Enercom 2000 software and electrochemical sensor was used for emissions monitoring of the micro- turbine flue gas. The concentrations of NOx, CO, and SO2 were measured in ppm by volume (i.e., volume of gaseous pollutant per million volumes of ambient air) at the test oxygen concen tration, corrected to 15% O2 (typical requirement for comparison of various DG equipment) and then converted to mg/m3. 3. MICROTURBINE BASELINE CHARACTERIZATION1,2 The first phase of testing the 30-kW microturbine and CHP consisted of characterizing the baseline performance of the microturbine. The collected elec trical data included the microturbine’s DC voltage, and single- and three-phase power output, voltage, and current. The thermal data included the microturbine’s input temperature, exhaust temperature, internal temperatures at the compressor and turbine, and emissions. The baseline characterization tests were performed without TATs connected to the microturbine exhaust. Even with out the presence of any equipment for thermal recovery, some degree of back- pressure exists (~8.0 × 10–4 atm or 0.3 in wc), although this is quite low. The effect of exhaust back pressure on the microturbine’s power and efficiency is discussed in Sect. 4.0. 3.1 STARTUP, SHUTDOWN, AND DISPATCH CHARACTERISTICS1,2 The startup, shutdown, and power dispatch characteristics (power output and speed) of the microturbine are shown in Figs. 4–6. Startup in this case is defined as 0 rpm and 0 power output to operating speed and full output power generation. As shown in Fig. 4, startup requires ~200 s. During the initial ~40 s of turbine warm-up, auxiliary power (~2 kW) is provided by the grid, which is shown as negative power output in Fig. 4. The microturbine controls main tain the microturbine speed at ~25,000 rpm until the microturbine begins to generate power and then at ~45,000 rpm for ~115 s during the remainder of the warm-up cycle. After the warm-up period, the microturbine controls increase the speed to obtain the desired startup output power setting. This char acteristic is basically the same regardless of the power output setting for startup. Shutdown, shown in Fig. 5, requires 520 s. Most of this time, ~475 s, is required to cool down the turbine. Although the power output dropped off fairly linearly, the turbine speed stayed at 45,000 rpm for nearly all the shutdown time. The power dispatching characteristics are shown in Fig. 6. It was found that it took ~20 s to vary the microturbine’s power output. Figure 6 shows the transition time from ~10 kW to ~30 kW. 3.2 POWER OUTPUT VARIATION The variability of the microturbine’s power output at the full power setting (30 kW) over a one-hour period is shown in Fig. 7.2 3.3 PERFORMANCE AT VARIOUS POWER SETTINGS2 To characterize the microturbine’s performance at various power settings, tests were performed at power settings ranging from full output (30 kW) to one-sixth power (5 kW) in 5-kW FEDERAL ENERGY MANAGEMENT PROGRAM –– 7PDF Image | Summary of Results from Testing a 30-kW-Microturbine and Combined Heat and Power (CHP) System
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