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METHANE RECOVERY FROM ANIMAL MANURES: THE CURRENT OPPORTUNITIES CASEBOOK readily taken up by plants. Digestion does not reduce the quantities of nutrients; rather, the process converts them to new more soluble, and often more available, forms. “Digestion increases the availability of nitrogen...above its usual range of about 30%-60%, depending upon the time of year. The phosphate content is not decreased, and its availability of about 50% 33 is not changed during digestion. Potash is usually available at 75%-100%.” When the digester’s ammonium effluent is spread on the ground, bacteria convert it into intermediate nitrite, which is then further converted into plant-usable nitrate. Plants typically convert about 3% of the available nitrogen into plant protein as happens with mineral fertilizers. The slow-release forms of bacterial-based protein nitrogen can also be very beneficial. Slow-release forms of nitrogen may increase plant nitrogen uptake. In Egyptian 34 studies, the use of digested versus undigested manure was shown on sandy soils to produce an increase in crop yield of 1% per year continuously over a 15-year period. This may be attributed to better soil structure. Because ammonia is emitted easily after land application, there is a risk that filtrate ammonia will be more volatilized than raw manure during the first hours after spreading if it is not correctly applied. Proper land application means that the filtrate is spread as close to the ground as possible. For example, direct soil injection can reduce ammonia emissions by 85%-95% compared to spreading it with a splash-plate tanker. However, once the filtrate is applied, the risk of further ammonia losses is extremely small compared to raw manure, for three 35 reasons: Direct soil injection of filtrate allows nutrients to be recovered while simultaneously reducing volatile ammonia emissions (photo credit: Danish Energy Agency) 1) Due to the lower viscosity of the filtrate, it penetrates faster into the soil 2) Soil ammonium adsorption is high, hence washout is low, and; 3) Ammonia is more readily available to plants than organic nitrogen, i.e., the uptake through nitrification is faster and the chance for washout is reduced. 33 35 Meynell, P-J. (1976). Methane: Planning a Digester. New York: Schocken Books. pp. 25. Gornall, L. (3 April 1998). Personal communication. Practically Green Environmental Services, Londonderry, 34 Northern Ireland. Wellinger, A. (2 June 1998). Personal communication. NovaEnergie, Ettehhausen, Switzerland. 2-20PDF Image | Methane Recovery from Animal Manures The Current Opportunities Casebook
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