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METHANE RECOVERY FROM ANIMAL MANURES: THE CURRENT OPPORTUNITIES CASEBOOK Sulfate-reducing bacteria, which reduce sulfates and other sulfur compounds to hydrogen sulfide, are also present during the process. Most of the hydrogen sulfide reacts with iron and other heavy metal salts to form insoluble sulfides, but there will always be some hydrogen sulfide in the biogas. The widespread natural occurrence of methane bacteria demonstrates that AD can take place over a wide temperature range from 40°F to more than 212°F and at a variety of moisture contents from around 60% to more than 99%. This distinguishes the methane bacteria favorably from most aerobic microorganisms involved in the composting process. AD occurs in the psychrophilic temperature range (less than 68°F), and is routinely observed in marsh gas and in the ambient temperature lagoons used for livestock. Conventional anaerobic digesters, as will be explained in greater detail, are commonly designed to operate in either the mesophilic temperature range (95°-105°F) or thermophilic temperature range (125°-135°F). There are usually two reasons why the mesophilic and thermophilic temperatures are preferred. First, a higher loading rate of organic materials can be processed and, because a shorter hydraulic 2 retentiontime (HRT)isassociatedwithhighertemperatures,increasedoutputsforagiven digester capacity result. Second, as will be discussed in more detail in Section 2.6, higher temperatures increase the destruction of pathogens present in raw manure. 2.1 A Short History of Anaerobic Digestion Anecdotal evidence indicates that biogas was used for heating bath water in Assyria during the th th 10 century BC and in Persia during the 16 th determined in 17 Count Alessandro Volta concluded in 1776 that there was a direct correlation between the amount of decaying organic matter and the amount of flammable gas produced. In 1808, Sir Humphry Davy determined that methane was present in the gases produced during the AD of cattle manure. 3 century. Jan Baptita Van Helmont first century that flammable gases could evolve from decaying organic matter. The first digestion plant was built at a leper colony in Bombay, India in 1859. AD reached England in 1895 when biogas was recovered from a “carefully designed” sewage treatment 4 facilityandusedtofuelstreetlampsinExeter. Thedevelopmentofmicrobiologyasascience 5 ledtoresearchbyBuswell andothersinthe1930stoidentifyanaerobicbacteriaandthe conditions that promote methane production. 2 3 4 McCabe, J; Eckenfelder, W. eds. (1957). Biological Treatment of Sewage and Industrial Wastes. Two volumes. New York: Reinhold Publishing. n.b., HRT is the length of time that the average fragment of a feedstock like manure spends inside a digester. Meynell, P-J. (1976). Methane: Planning a Digester. New York: Schocken Books. pp. 3. 5 Department of Registration and Education. Buswell, A.M.; Hatfield, W.D. (1936). Bulletin 32, Anaerobic Fermentations. Urbana, IL: State of Illinois 2-2PDF Image | Methane Recovery from Animal Manures The Current Opportunities Casebook
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