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and the boiler will influence costs and the price at which LFG can be delivered and sold to the boiler owner. Because LFG is generally saturated with moisture, gas treatment is needed before the LFG is introduced into the pipeline and subsequently the boiler, to avoid condensation and corrosion. Additionally, condensate knock-outs along the pipeline are necessary as condensation in the main pipeline can cause blockages. Fortunately, the level of LFG clean-up required for boiler use is minimal, with only large particle and moisture removal needed. Other compounds in LFG, such as siloxanes, do not damage boilers or impair their function. Generally, LFG clean-up and compression systems are located at the landfill and are often installed by a developer rather than by the boiler owner. LFG compression provided at the landfill must be sufficient to compensate for pipeline pressure losses and provide sufficient pressure at the boiler to permit proper function of the fuel controls and burner. Proper attention to burner selection or burner modification for low- pressure operation can minimize the LFG compression costs [11]. Virtually any commercial or industrial boiler can be retrofitted to fire LFG, either alone or co- fired with natural gas or fuel oil. The firing profile is a primary consideration, regardless of the boiler type, since the fuel cost savings associated with LFG must offset the costs of the LFG recovery (if a LFG collection system is not yet in place), the gas clean-up equipment, and the pipeline. Operation at substantial load on a 24- hour/7 day-per-week basis or something approaching continual operation is generally important to the economic viability of a potential project. The costs associated with retrofitting boilers will vary from unit to unit depending on boiler type, fuel use, and age of unit. Typical tiers of retrofits include: • Incorporation of LFG in a unit that is co-firing with other fuels, where automatic controls are required to sustain a co-firing application or to provide for immediate and seamless fuel switching in the event of a loss in LFG pressure to the unit. This retrofit will ensure uninterruptible steam supply. • Modification of a unit where surplus or back-up steam supply is available and uninterruptible steam supply from the unit is not required if loss of LFG pressure to the unit occurs. In this case, manual controls are implemented and the boiler operating system is not integrated in an automatic control system. 28PDF Image | Landfill Gas Energy Technologies
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