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The equipment for retrofitting a boiler to burn LFG is commercially available, proven, and not overly complex. The decisions that must be made during engineering and design are, however, site-specific and may be somewhat involved. For example, some installations have retained the original burner but modified it for LFG (e.g., by installing separate LFG fuel train and gas spuds) while maintaining the existing natural gas fuel train and gas ring to permit LFG/natural gas co-firing. Other installations have replaced the entire burner, controls, and fuel train with a dual-fuel burner and dual-fuel trains specifically designed to handle medium Heating Value gas. In general, the decision to furnish all new equipment is made based on the owner’s preference or because the existing burner and controls are nearing the end of their useful lives. Additional analysis may be required to determine the amount of LFG compression that is provided versus the modifications needed for the burner and gas train. Because LFG is typically a wet gas often containing trace corrosive compounds, the fuel train and possibly some burner “internals” should be replaced with corrosion-resistant materials. Stainless steel has typically been the material selected. The controls associated with fuel flow and combustion air flow need to be engineered to cope with the variable heat content of LFG. The complexity of the burner management system will depend upon whether the boiler is to be co-fired with natural gas or oil and whether the boiler is to be co-fired at all times or if there will be times when it will be fired with LFG only. Today’s modern controls, fast-responding oxygen analyzers, and responsive flame sensors make it possible to fire LFG with the same level of safety that is characteristic of current natural gas systems [11]. A potential problem for boilers is the accumulation of siloxanes. The presence of siloxanes in the LFG causes a white substance (similar to talcum powder) to build up on the boiler tubes. Where the material collects and how much of it accumulates is likely to be a function of the velocity patterns in the boiler and the siloxane concentrations in the LFG. Operators’ experiences to date indicate that annual cleaning is sufficient to avoid operational problems related to silicon oxide accumulation. Boiler operators may also choose to install a gas treatment system to reduce the amount of siloxanes in the LFG prior to delivery to the boiler. In designing and assessing the economic feasibility of projects utilizing LFG in boilers, several factors in addition to the boiler retrofit must be considered. For example, the quantity of LFG available must be considered and compared to the facility’s steam needs and boiler capacities. Factors such as pipeline right-of-way issues and the distance between the landfill 27PDF Image | Landfill Gas Energy Technologies
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