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engine lost favour. Stirling engines of today are capable of producing from several watts to 55 kW. Electrical efficiencies range from 12 to 30% (Anon, 2002a). Low noise and vibration as well as relatively few moving parts make the Stirling engine an attractive technology. The engine is also able to make use of many different fuels. However, the Stirling engine is still early in its product life cycle and current high costs as well as limited independent testing are drawbacks (Anon, 2002a). Microturbine/High Temperature Fuel Cell Microturbine/Fuel Cell hybrids are being developed by many organizations, including the National Fuel Research Center, the National Energy Technology Laboratory and private industry groups. Hybrid systems contain a heat engine, such as a microturbine, and a non-heat engine, such as a fuel cell. The system has the ability to achieve electrical and thermal efficiencies greater than either system alone (Samuelson, 2004). The microturbine hybrids are being designed for power ratings from 15kW to 50MW. Early estimates of electrical efficiencies are 60% or higher with long-term predictions reaching 80% when running on natural gas (Samuelson, 2004). Also advantageous is the extremely low resulting emissions. There are still issues to resolve before microturbine/fuel cell hybrid use becomes widespread. Nevertheless, a 220 kW prototype run by Southern California Edison involving a 75 kW microturbine and a SOFC fuel cell has achieved “world record ... fuel-to-electricity efficiencies”. Conclusions Anaerobic digestion of livestock manure is a widespread practice in many livestock-producing countries of the world. Ontario farmers have been interested in the technology for a number of years but very few have installed a system on their farms. Current concerns about energy costs and the desirability of renewable energy have helped raise awareness of the possibilities for biogas production from livestock manure. Following are a few of the main findings of a review of literature on the subject: • Several system designs are available for anaerobic digestion on livestock farms. These take into account factors such as cost of installation and operation and characteristics of the raw materials. All of the design considerations can have an impact on the yield of methane gas. • The potential methane yield for livestock manure is in the order of 500 L CH4 / kg VS (where VS = Volatile Solids). • Fresh manure yields more methane than aged manure. • Biogas typically contains 60 to 65% methane, 35 to 40% carbon dioxide and trace amounts of H2S, NH3 and H2. • Burning biogas in a heat boiler can typically recover 80 to 90% of the energy as heat (i.e. thermal efficiency). • Internal combustion (IC) engines (both spark ignition and compression ignition) can be coupled with a generator to produce electricity. Most studies report 20PDF Image | Electricity and Heat Production Using Biogas from the Anaerobic Digestion of Livestock Manure - Literature Review
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