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• If a generator is above 10 kW but less than or equal to 50 kW, an interval meter is installed and read remotely on a monthly basis. The Ontario government intends to put in place regulations requiring companies to allow net metering up to 500 kW. The proposal is part of the current government’s plan to promote renewable technologies. Additional provisions of the official proposal include: • Credits received by the customer must be calculated on the same basis as the charges by the distributor for electricity delivered to the customer. • The proposed regulation allows credits to be carried over from one bill to the next for the period of one year. This provision is meant to accommodate seasonal differences in consumption and generation. This provision is common in many other net metering regulations. • Net metering customers are exempt from the generator regulations as long as they are generating for their own use and they only receive credit and are not paid for their electricity (Anon. 2005d). Retail Generation Currently in Ontario, to be paid for electricity exported onto the grid or for operations larger than 50 kW, approvals and licenses must first be obtained. A generator license must be obtained from the Ontario Energy Board. Generators must also apply to the Independent E lectricity System Operator (IESO) to become a registered market participant. An agreement with an electricity distribution company must be made and the necessary equipment must be purchased and installed. This may include a distribution transformer and a four-quadrant interval meter. A System Impact Assessment applies to generators operating at 10 MVA or greater. The Ontario Environmental Assessment Act regulations apply to biogas operations generating in excess of 25 MW but these levels of power are much higher than the capacity of farm- based anaerobic generators. Finally, the Electrical Safety Authority must inspect generating facilities and provide connection authorization (Anon, 2004b). Generators must follow the Distribution System Code mandated by the Ontario Energy Board and any Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) standards. Future Directions Stirling Engines A Stirling engine is known as an external combustion engine. A working fluid, commonly hydrogen or helium, and a piston are contained in an airtight enclosure. The fluid is heated on one end and cooled on the other. The expansion and cooling of the gas drives the piston. The heat is provided by the external combustion (Anon, 2005b). The Stirling e ngine was patented in 1816 and commonly used before World War I. As steam and Otto engines increased in efficiency, however, the external combustion 19PDF Image | Electricity and Heat Production Using Biogas from the Anaerobic Digestion of Livestock Manure - Literature Review
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