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biogas HANDBOOK Figure 5.7 Biogas upgrading installation (left) and the connection point to the natural gas grid (right) of the biomethane plant in Pliening, Germany (RUTZ 2007) The total cost for cleaning and upgrading biogas consists of investment costs and of operation and maintenance costs. In the case of investment costs, an important factor is the size of the plant. The total investment costs increase with increased plant capacity but investment per unit of installed capacity is lower for larger plants, compared to small ones. In the case of operation costs, the most expensive part of the treatment is the removal of carbon dioxide. 5.6.1 Biogasasvehiclefuel Utilisation of biogas in the transport sector is a technology with great potential and with important socio-economic benefits. Biogas is already used as vehicle fuel in countries like Sweden, Germany and Switzerland. The number of private cars, public transportation vehicles and trucks driven on biogas (biomethane) is increasing. Biomethane can be used as fuel in the same way and by the same vehicles like the natural gas. An increasing number of European cities are exchanging their diesel buses with biomethane driven ones. Many biogas driven private cars are converted vehicles, which have been retro-fitted with a compressed gas tank, in the luggage compartment, and a gas supply system, in addition to the fossil fuel system. There are also specially built biogas vehicles, which are optimised for better efficiency and more convenient placement of gas cylinders, without losing luggage space. The biogas is stored at 200 to 250 bars, in pressure vessels, made of steel or aluminium composite materials. Today, more than 50 manufacturers worldwide offer some 250 models of commuter, light and heavy duty gas driven vehicles. Heavy duty vehicles can be converted to run on methane gas only, but in some cases also dual fuel engines are used. A dual fuel engine uses a diesel injection system and the gas is ignited by injection of a small amount of diesel oil. Dual fuel engines require less engine development and maintain the same driveability as a diesel vehicle. However, emission values are not as low as for the corresponding specially built gas vehicles and the engine technology remains a compromise between spark ignition and diesel engine. Biomethane vehicles have substantial overall advantages compared to vehicles equipped with petrol or diesel engines. The overall carbon dioxide emissions are drastically reduced, depending on the feedstock substrate and origin of electricity (fossil or renewable) used for 48PDF Image | biogas HANDBOOK
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