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biogas HANDBOOK Figure 5.6 World’s first MCFC fuel cell for biogas, operating in Germany (RUTZ 2007) The investment costs of all biogas fuel cells are much higher than for engine driven BTTPs, amounting some 12 000 €/kW. As in the case of biogas micro-turbines, the research and development work in this area is targeting competitive costs for the future models. 5.6 Biogas upgrading (Biomethane production) Biogas can be distributed through the existing natural gas networks and used for the same purposes as natural gas or it can be compressed and used as renewable vehicle fuel. Prior to injection into the natural gas grid or to utilisation as vehicle fuel, biogas must undergo an upgrading process, where all contaminants as well as carbon dioxide are removed and the content of methane must is increased from the usual 50-75% to more than 95%. The upgraded biogas is often named biomethane. Various technologies can be applied for removal of contaminants and for increasing the methane content of biogas. Removal of carbon dioxide is done in order to reach the required Wobbe index of gas. When removing carbon dioxide from biogas, small amounts of methane CH4) are also removed. As methane has a 23-fold stronger greenhouse gas effect than CO2, (i.e. a molecule of methane is 23 times more effective than a molecule of CO2 in trapping the radiated heat from earth) it is important to keep methane losses low, for both economic and environmental reasons. Two common methods of removing carbon dioxide from biogas are absorption (water scrubbing, organic solvent scrubbing) and adsorption (pressure swing adsorption, PSA). Less frequently used are membrane separation, cryogenic separation and process internal upgrading, which is a relatively new method, currently under development. 47PDF Image | biogas HANDBOOK
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