biogas HANDBOOK

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biogas HANDBOOK ( biogas-handbook )

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Table of contents COLOPHON .................................................................................................................................................2 TABLE OF CONTENTS..............................................................................................................................3 FOREWORD.................................................................................................................................................7 AIM AND HOW TO USE THE HANDBOOK ..........................................................................................9 WHAT IS BIOGAS AND WHY DO WE NEED IT?...............................................................10 1 ADVANTAGES OF BIOGAS TECHNOLOGIES .........................................................................10 1.1 BENEFITS FOR THE SOCIETY ......................................................................................................10 1.1.1 Renewable energy source........................................................................................................10 1.1.2 Reduced greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation of global warming........................................11 1.1.3 Reduced dependency on imported fossil fuels............................................................................11 1.1.4 Contribution to EU energy and environmental targets .............................................................11 1.1.5 Waste reduction ....................................................................................................................11 1.1.6 Job creation ..........................................................................................................................12 1.1.7 Flexible and efficient end use of biogas ....................................................................................12 1.1.8 Low water inputs ..................................................................................................................12 1.2 BENEFITS FOR THE FARMERS ....................................................................................................12 1.2.1 Additional income for the farmers involved..............................................................................12 1.2.2 Digestate is an excellent fertiliser.............................................................................................12 1.2.3 Closed nutrient cycle ..............................................................................................................12 1.2.4 Flexibility to use different feedstock .........................................................................................13 1.2.5 Reduced odours and flies........................................................................................................13 1.2.6 Veterinary safety ...................................................................................................................14 BIOGAS FROM AD - STATE OF ART AND POTENTIAL ........................................................14 2.1 AD STATE OF ART AND DEVELOPMENT TRENDS ........................................................................14 2.2 BIOGAS POTENTIAL ....................................................................................................................15 MORE ABOUT ANAEROBIC DIGESTION (AD) ........................................................................16 2 3 4 MAIN APPLICATIONS OF BIOGAS.............................................................................................30 4.1 AGRICULTURAL BIOGAS PLANTS ................................................................................................30 3.1 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4 3.3 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4 3.3.5 3.4 3.4.1 3.4.2 3.4.3 SUBSTRATES FOR AD................................................................................................................16 THE BIOCHEMICAL PROCESS OF AD ..........................................................................................21 Hydrolysis ............................................................................................................................22 Acidogenesis .........................................................................................................................22 Acetogenesis ..........................................................................................................................22 Methanogenesis.....................................................................................................................23 AD PARAMETERS .......................................................................................................................23 Temperature .........................................................................................................................23 pH-values and optimum intervals ...........................................................................................25 Volatile fatty acids (VFA) ......................................................................................................26 Ammonia .............................................................................................................................27 Macro- and micronutrients (trace elements) and toxic compounds .............................................27 OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS......................................................................................................27 Organic load .........................................................................................................................27 Hydraulic retention time (HRT).............................................................................................28 Parameter list .......................................................................................................................28 3 biogas HANDBOOK

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