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International Letters of Natural Sciences Vol. 9 3 2. 1. Types of reaction Generally the production of biogas divided into two way: (1). Aerobic: The digestion process occurring in presence of Oxygen is called Aerobic digestion and produces mixtures of gases having carbon dioxide (CO2), one of the main “green houses” responsible for global warming (Waldrop and Firestone, 2004). (2) Anaerobic: The digestion process occurring without (absence) oxygen is called anaerobic digestion which generates mixtures of gases (Six et al., 2006). Reaction occurs in anaerobic digestor: Hydrolysis: In the first step the organic matter is enzymolysed externally by extracellular enzymes, cellulose, amylase, protease & lipase, of microorganisms. Bacteria decompose long chains of complex carbohydrates, proteins, & lipids into small chains. For example, Polysaccharides are converted into monosaccharide. Proteins are split into peptides and amino acids (Belloso and Fortuny, 2011). Acidification: Acid-producing bacteria, involved this step, convert the intermediates of fermenting bacteria into acetic acid, hydrogen and carbon dioxide. These bacteria are anaerobic and can grow under acidic conditions. To produce acetic acid, they need oxygen and carbon. For this, they use dissolved O2 or bounded-oxygen. Hereby, the acid-producing bacteria create anaerobic condition which is essential for the methane producing microorganisms (Cristiani-Urbani, et al., 2000). Also, they reduce the compounds with low molecular weights into alcohols, organic acids, amino acids, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide and traces of methane. From a chemical point, this process is partially endergonic (i.e. only possible with energy input), since bacteria alone are not capable of sustaining that type of reaction. Methanogensis: (Methane formation) Methane-producing bacteria, which were involved in the third step, decompose compounds having low molecular weight. They utilize hydrogen, carbon dioxide and acetic acid to form methane and carbon dioxide (Rao and Singh, 2004). Under natural conditions, CH4 producing microorganisms occur to the extent that anaerobic conditions are provided, e.g. under water (for example in marine sediments), and in marshes. They are basically anaerobic and very sensitive to environmental changes, if any occurs. The methanogenic bacteria belong to the archaebacter genus, i.e. to a group of bacteria with heterogeneous morphology and lot of common biochemical and molecular-biological properties that distinguishes them from other bacterias. The main difference lies in the makeup of the bacteria’s cell walls (Yadvika, et al., 2004). 2. 2. Design Parameters The reactor dimensions and biogas potential depends on: • The type of substrates to be digested • The quantity of each in metric tons per year • The total solid content in percentage • Total solids content (TS) = 100 (%) - water content (%) • The organic content in percentage: Organic dry matter content is determined by incinerating the dried sample at 550 °C for six hours and weighing the remaining ashes. • Organic content (ODM) = (mass of TS(g) – mass of ashes (g) x 100/mass of TS(g)PDF Image | Biogas as Resources of Energy
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