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Anaerobic Digestion of farm and food processing residues GoodPractice Guidelines Page41 content to such an extent that life cannot be supported) but is not subject to COSHH. • Carbon dioxide is colourless, odourless and heavier than air. As well as being mildly toxic, it is an asphyxiant and has an Occupational Exposure Standard (OES) of 5000ppm. • Hydrogen sulphide is a colourless gas which smells of rotten eggs at low concentrations. At higher and more dangerous concentrations it has no smell. It is heavier than air. Due to its toxicity, it has an OES of 10ppm. • Ammonia is a pungent and lachrymatory gas which is lighter than air. The OES is 25ppm, to protect the eyes and mucous membranes from irritation. Good practice entails using reasonably practicable means to control risks. Controls may include removing the toxic elements of the gas, establishing totally enclosed systems, systems which minimise or contain the hazardous substance, local exhaust ventilation, general ventilation or, as a last resort, personal protective equipment. The controls instituted should not rely on venting (which may create risks elsewhere due to the heavier than air nature of hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide) or on unforced general ventilation. Health and safety issues will be regulated by the Health and Safety Executive. Emissions to ground and water courses • Water. Water courses could possibly be affected by discharges resulting from poor storage of feedstock, inappropriate storage of liquor, spillage or spreading of liquor. Site containment will be required. If there are accidental spillages or leakages into water courses, the Environment Agency should be notified immediately. The Environment Agency is responsible for controlling emissions to rivers and land. Water companies regulate any discharge into public sewers. • Soil. Pollution prevention measures will be dealt with at the planning stage in consultation with the local authority environmental health department and the Environment Agency. Any accidental contamination should be reported to the Environment Agency immediately. Light CAD plants are likely to operate 24 hours a day so there may be a problem with light spillage. There are no statutory criteria for light pollution although measures can be taken to reduce unnecessary obtrusive light: light pollution can cause serious physiological and ecological problems, and wastes energy and money. The Institution of Lighting Engineers’ Guidance Notes for the Reduction of Light Pollution suggests a number of measures, including: • Lights should be directed at and not above their target; if aimed at observers, the main beam angle should be no more than 70°. • In certain environmental zones, such as National Parks, Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONBs) or other ‘dark landscapes’, only light from public roads should be deemed acceptable for all night lighting. Similar guidelines apply to other special areas. • Curfews should be introduced, for example between 11pm and dawn, when lights not required for security are shut off. • Further advice can be obtained from the local authority Environmental Health Officer, or the Institution of Lighting Engineers.PDF Image | Anaerobic Digestion Of farm and food Processing residues The development of a sustainable industry
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