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Anaerobic Digestion of farm and food processing residues GoodPractice Guidelines Page19 be diligent in monitoring the input and mix it according to the products required. Every digester is unique in terms of the feedstock used, and it will change over time; during the life of a plant it is likely that the feedstock will change several times. An on-farm scheme will have less problem managing the quality of the feedstock because the operator will control the farm’s own wastes. Some screening can be done by farmers using natural techniques of settlement and drainage. A co-operative would need to appoint a member with the appropriate knowledge and experience to take responsibility for monitoring quality control. A CAD scheme will require a formal quality control and assurance system, as there will be a risk of cross- contamination which could affect operations. Therefore, CAD plants are likely to provide farmers and other suppliers with detailed contracts and specifications of the appropriate content for feedstock, and any feedstock which fails to meet the specification is likely to be rejected. Certainly, if one of the supplying farms has a notifiable disease in its livestock, it could both contaminate the plant and be passed on to other supplying farms: obviously, suppliers in these circumstances must never take feedstock to the CAD. It is good practice to test feedstock before processing, as well as the resulting products. Larger CAD plants are likely to need on-site laboratory facilities to test feedstock before processing for elements which may contaminate or arrest the digestion process. It may also be necessary to check for moisture loads and for health and safety reasons. After processing, such facilities are likely to be needed to check the quality and safety of products. Holding facilities may be needed to store feedstock, check it and then pass it on for processing or distribution. Planning permission may be given to a scheme specifying a certain feedstock and in these circumstances the feedstock will not be able to be changed without the further prior approval of the planning authority. A CAD plant will need to be licensed under the Waste Management Licensing Regulations 1994 if it imports industrial waste (ie food processing residues). The subsequent disposal of liquor by spreading on agricultural land becomes an activity that requires pre-notification to the local Environment Agency office. Neither of these controls applies to AD plants treating or spreading digestate sourced from their own animals and returned to their own land. Parasites and pathogens in feedstock Feedstock for AD inevitably contains plant or animal pathogens (such as Salmonella) and parasites (such as Cryptosporidium) to different degrees in different materials, which can be a danger to human and animal health. Precautions are therefore needed in AD projects, especially in CAD projects which involve transporting residues from various sources to a central point, which could lead to cross- contamination unless appropriate preventative measures are taken. Mesophilic anaerobic digestion will reduce pathogenic organisms and bacteria, but will not eliminate them from the waste. Thermophilic digestion will further reduce the levels, but again cannot guarantee total removal. Pasteurisation (holding the waste at 700C for 30 minutes, or for longer at a lower temperature eg 550C for four hours) is the only method which will ensure the complete elimination of pathogens. It should be noted that pasteurisation may affect the energy balance: the hotter and quicker the pasteurisation, the more energy is used. As neither mesophilic or thermophilic digestion is likely to totally eliminate the pathogens in the feedstock, considerable care is needed. In some cases, depending on the initial quantity of pathogens in the feedstock, levels of pathogens after AD will still be high enough to cause ill health for those working with the feedstock before and after treatment, and for those who may come into contact with the treated feedstock. For those occupationally exposed, the employer’s COSHH assessment should indicate the level of risk and the measures that will be put into place to control it. This is a complex area in which research is continuing. Further details are given in Appendix 7 about the effects of different AD processes on parasites and pathogens. Advice is available from the Health and Safety Executive (HSE).PDF Image | Anaerobic Digestion Of farm and food Processing residues The development of a sustainable industry
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