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Chapter 2 Evaluation of Combined Heat and Power Technologies for Wastewater Treatment Facilities Virtually all cogeneration engines installed from the 1950s through the 1970s were the rich-burn type, meaning that those engines require a high fuel-to-air ratio. Since the inception of cogeneration engines, manufacturers have spent considerable effort to improve older generation engines and develop new engines that emit lower exhaust emissions. Figure 2-1. Internal Combustion Engines at Bergen County Utility Authority, Little Ferry, NJ Lean-burn is the common designation for engines with lower fuel-to-air ratios. In addition to lower exhaust emissions, lean-burn engines also achieve higher fuel efficiency due to more complete fuel combustion. These improvements have led to the gradual elimination of rich-burn engines. Since the 1990s, many POTWs have converted existing rich-burn engines to lean-burn operation or installed new lean-burn engines in order to achieve improved exhaust emissions. In many jurisdictions it is no longer possible to permit rich burn engines. As was previously noted, most digester gas-fueled CHP systems are located at POTWs treating in excess of 10 mgd. POTWs of this size are usually found in areas with large populations, which typically have much more stringent air quality standards than rural areas where smaller POTWs are usually located. Thus, if a POTW produces sufficient digester gas to support a CHP system, it is likely that local air quality requirements will preclude the use of rich-burn engines. In 2001, national research laboratories, together with large engine manufacturers, Caterpillar, Cummins, and Waukesha received contracts from the United States Department of Energy to make further improvements to lean-burn engines. The goal of the program, known as ARES (for Advanced Reciprocating Engine Systems), was to achieve significant improvements in lowering exhaust emissions and increasing fuel efficiency. Other engine manufacturers, not part of the ARES program, independently worked toward the same goal. The results of the ARES program and the efforts of other engine manufacturers is that more efficient, cleaner burning engines are now available in the market place with several already installed and operating. This is 2-2PDF Image | Combined Heat and Power Technologies for Wastewater Facilities
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