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uncertainty as well as scheduling and production challenges to ensure that the product is ready as needed. In some cases, Steinway must plan months in advance to ensure they have the proper wood ready for production. While not a major challenge due to the large amount of storage space available on-site, this does result in large amounts of capital held as inventory. Use of the vacuum kilns will allow for just-in-time production and less stored inventory. Figure 2 provides a schematic illustration of a typical drying kiln. Figure 2. Generic traditional wood-drying kiln. Source: UAM 2010. The wood is loaded on pallets by forklift into the kiln. The heat is provided via a steam heating coil, the moist-air psychrometric conditions are sensed by interior wet- and dry-bulb sensors, moisture is added if needed by a steam spray line, and large fans circulate the air inside the kiln. Additionally, each kiln has hatches that vent kiln air from time to time depending on the internal air conditions. Overall, there are two energy sources in this process: electric energy for the circulation fan and natural gas (thermal) for the steam production via the facility’s two steam boilers. The existing brick kilns have several sources of thermal and electric energy losses and inefficiencies including: Shell and infiltration losses through the doors, roof, and walls (thermal) Ventilation losses from the exhausted warm, moist air (thermal) Live steam injection, of which both the sensible and latent energy is lost from the system during ventilation (thermal) Circulation fans in each kiln (electric) 3PDF Image | Quick-dry Partial Vacuum System
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