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Processes 2020, 8, 1147 9 of 16 of 10.34% in corner thickness when compared to SVB with an average corner thickness of 2.225 mm, Processes 2020, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 16 as shown in Figure 6b. This improvement is due to the application of an intensifier in the corner region. Processes 2020, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 16 It is also observed that the entire laminate thickness for MSVB is averaged at 2.156 mm, which is 6.76% thinner than the SVB, indicating the effective laminate consolidation. (a) (a) (b) (b) Figure 5. Laminates with concave corner represent (a) thickness coefficient of variation and (b) variability Figure 5. Laminates with concave corner represent (a) thickness coefficient of variation and (b) in the results. variability in the results. Figure 5. Laminates with concave corner represent (a) thickness coefficient of variation and (b) The results for CoV in the laminate thickness produced on the convex corner of the mold and variability in the results. Curing cycles and their interaction with bagging techniques were found to be statistically its variability are presented in Figure 7a,b, respectively. The grand means of the CoV and variability insignificant. This shows that the main factor in controlling the thickness of laminated composites for convex-cornered laminates are 0.023 and −1.314, respectively. Similar to the pattern observed for Curing cycles and their interaction with bagging techniques were found to be statistically (with concave corners) is attributed to the bagging techniques and consolidation method. The concave corner results, vacuum bagging technique is the only parameter to demonstrate a statistically insignificant. This shows that the main factor in controlling the thickness of laminated composites variability in the results of thickness variation in the concave corner illustrates the statistical significant effect on the laminate thickness. SVB and DVB techniques exhibited a similar variation (with concave corners) is attributed to the bagging techniques and consolidation method. The significance of bagging techniques with an F-stat of 73.71 (>F90%). SVB and DVB techniques exhibited in thickness with CoV values 0.027 and 0.025, respectively. The high thickness variation in SVB is variability in the results of thickness variation in the concave corner illustrates the statistical massive variations with standard deviations of 0.073 and 0.058, respectively. The variability in the attributed to the corner thinning effect. MSVB technique is able to avoid a major corner thinning because significance of bagging techniques with an F-stat of 73.71 (>F90%). SVB and DVB techniques exhibited results is better understood by plotting the average thickness of laminates across the length, as shown the use of caul-sheet prevents a higher reaction pressure to consolidate excessively. Hence, excessive massive variations with standard deviations of 0.073 and 0.058, respectively. The variability in the in Figure 6. The thickness fluctuates excessively in SVB when compared to those of MSVB and DVB. and unnecessary corner suppression is avoided. A similar finding is reported by Yijia Ma et al. [26]; results is better understood by plotting the average thickness of laminates across the length, as shown It is noticed that the variation in the flat flange of the laminate is lower than the inclined flange in all the CoV results reported in this study are in good agreement to theirs. in Figure 6. The thickness fluctuates excessively in SVB when compared to those of MSVB and DVB. three cases. The highest corner thickening is also observed in SVB and DVB which are averaged at Similar to concave results, curing cycles and their interaction with bagging techniques were It is noticed that the variation in the flat flange of the laminate is lower than the inclined flange in all 2.455 mm and 2.420 mm, as shown in Figure 6a,c, respectively. Major corner thickening in these found to be statistically insignificant. This also shows that the main factor in controlling the laminate three cases. The highest corner thickening is also observed in SVB and DVB which are averaged at techniques in comparison to the rest of the laminate thickness is offsetting the CoV values. Whereas, thickness (with convex corners) is attributed to the bagging techniques and consolidation methods. 2.455 mm and 2.420 mm, as shown in Figure 6a,c, respectively. Major corner thickening in these MSVB witnesses a significant improvement of 10.34% in corner thickness when compared to SVB The variability in the results of thickness variation in the convex corner illustrates the statistical techniques in comparison to the rest of the laminate thickness is offsetting the CoV values. Whereas, with an average corner thickness of 2.225 mm, as shown in Figure 6b. This improvement is due to the significance of bagging techniques with an F-stat of 54.61 (>F ). A noticeable corner thickness MSVB witnesses a significant improvement of 10.34% in cor9n0%er thickness when compared to SVB application of an intensifier in the corner region. It is also observed that the entire laminate thickness variation was exhibited in SVB and DVB techniques with standard deviations of 0.061 and 0.055, with an average corner thickness of 2.225 mm, as shown in Figure 6b. This improvement is due to the for MSVB is averaged at 2.156 mm, which is 6.76% thinner than the SVB, indicating the effective respectively. The average thicknesses across the length of the laminates are plotted to better understand application of an intensifier in the corner region. It is also observed that the entire laminate thickness laminate consolidation. the variability in results, as shown in Figure 8. A major corner thinning is observed in SVB and DVB for MSVB is averaged at 2.156 mm, which is 6.76% thinner than the SVB, indicating the effective with an average of 2.058 mm and 2.076 mm, as shown in Figure 8a,c, respectively. The high CoV values laminate consolidation. achieved in SVB and DVB techniques are attributed to the noticeable corner thinning. Whereas, MSVB technique exhibited 2.082 mm thickness with a standard deviation of 0.034, as shown in Figure 8b.PDF Image | Processing Parameters for Vacuum-Bagging-Only Method on Shape
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