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schedules. In addition, it is important when the lumber is cold or frozen to turn the fans on first before the doors are closed. This will avoid implosion damage. Again, the manufacturer's instructions must be followed as well. Final Quality Checks The lumber, when it leaves the kiln, should be sampled for average MC, shell and core MC, stress (longitudinal and transverse), surface and internal checks, and, in some cases, end checks. It is better to know that there is a problem before the lumber is shipped. Such tests also can be used to monitor quality and evaluate new drying procedures. These tests also will assure the kiln drying personnel of the adequacy of their procedures and give them confidence that any problems that are subsequently encountered are not their fault. In many cases it is a cheap insurance policy. Safety Dryers can be dangerous, so adequate safety precautions must always be adhered to. Some important factors are that everything should be well grounded, especially the dryer buildings. All electrical circuits should be capable of being locked out. Before going into a kiln, the operator should always assure himself that there is plenty of oxygen available. With a fast drying species, being dried at temperatures above 160°F, there can be a lack of oxygen inside the kiln. Kiln conditions with wet-bulbs above 110°F are probably not safe due to the heat. The large kiln doors must have safety brackets in case the door comes loose from the carrier. (This is a federal regulation in the U.S.) The man doors must always have inside releases. In the dryer, lumber often has the tendency to shift and a piece may be ready to fall when the operator enters. Always wear a hard hat. Always look up toward the ceiling before entering the dryer to make sure some lumber has not shifted against the door and is waiting to greet you. There are many other safety areas that the equipment manufacturer must address. Dry Lumber Storage No matter how well the lumber has been dried, poor storage after drying can result in poor lumber. Storage hazards are primarily insects infestations and an unwanted MC change - the latter is a major risk and can be very costly for the user of the lumber. Therefore, storage conditions must be dry and free of insects. Table 6 indicates the effect of changes in RH, EMC, and/or MC on the shrinkage of oak. The initial MC is 7% (called the base line in the table). Proper lumber storage uses a storage environment where the EMC is within 2 percentage points of the lumber's MC. Such a condition can be achieved by heating the air in the storage building, thereby lowering the RH to the desired level. For example, heating the storage atmosphere 22°F 38PDF Image | Principles and Practices of Drying Lumber
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