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quality. Knowledge is also necessary for suppliers of kiln drying equipment since they often provide advice on choosing the most suitable equipment (Welling, 2000b). Possession of kiln drying knowledge at an advanced level is, therefore, important for different groups of stakeholders like kiln operators, equipment suppliers, and customers, since it can both improve communication between those groups and facilitate kiln drying problem solving (Welling, 2000b). This study examines the kiln operators' perception of the knowledge level of stakeholders which can provide insights on insufficient communication between those stakeholders or reveal educational priorities. This perception will be referred to as kiln drying related knowledge of groups. 2.8. KILN DRYING DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SOFTWOODS & HARDWOODS Considerable differences can be found between operations that dry softwoods and hardwoods. These differences result not only from different wood properties but also from the different products manufactured that need to meet specific market requirements. Some of these differences are discussed below. Storage times are usually shorter for hardwoods in order to avoid discolourations or checking. There are differences in the stacking procedures where stickers are commonly placed carefully by hand with a closer spacing for hardwoods. Kiln types and sizes depend on species dried, with smaller kilns being used for hardwoods. The target moisture content for softwood dimension lumber is 15%. For either softwood or hardwood lumber from which furniture or millwork will be manufactured, the target moisture content is between 6% and 8% (Ward & Simpson, 1997). The amount of warp, checks and other drying defects allowed also differ. In addition, the frequency of drying defects is not the same. For example, discolouration, honeycomb, and collapse are more common in hardwoods. Drying schedules for softwoods are generally time-based, while they are moisture content-based for hardwoods. Finally, hardwood operations mainly focus on reducing degrade, while softwood operations are more interested in 26PDF Image | KILN DRYING PROBLEMS AND ISSUES IN CANADA
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