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Figure 3. Correct stacking: sticks used to hold boards flat. (Source: http://sres.anu.edu.au/associated7fpt/drying/). Correct piling (see Figure 3) helps in minimizing warp. Recommendations for correct piling include avoidance of protruding boards and the sorting of lumber in similar groups according to drying requirements (i.e., according to species and board size) (Tsoumis, 1991). Stickers must be in good condition and have the same thickness (Denig & Hanover, 1990). Weights can also be put on top of the boards. The main types of warp (see Figure 4) are: cup, bow, crook (spring), twist, and diamonding. Ward & Simpson (1997) define these terms as the following: "Cup is a distortion of a board in which there is a deviation flatwise from a straight line across the width of a board...Bow is a deviation flatwise from a straight line drawn from end to end of a board...Crook is similar to bow except that the deviation is edgewise rather than flatwise...Twist is the turning of the four corners of any face of a board so that they are no longer in the same plane...Diamonding is a form of warp found in squares or thick lumber. In a square, the cross section assumes a diamond shape during drying." 20PDF Image | KILN DRYING PROBLEMS AND ISSUES IN CANADA
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