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Simulation uses variability to quantify the reduction of the effects. There are two types of variation, random and structural. Random variability refers to the internal variation of the machine, process, material availability and customer demand. Structural variability is when a system component does not produce the same activity in the same way every time. As an example, a machine’s processing time can be 2 minutes for type A and 3 minutes for type B. Another example, a product could be shipped every day to a customer but it is only done on Mondays and Thursdays, with the purpose to minimize setups. Both structural and random variation contributes to the need for inventory, excess capacity, and increased production lead times (Hopp and Spearman 2007). In general, each source of system randomness needs to be modeled by an appropriate probability distribution (Heitz 2010). The following are some sources of randomness in simulated manufacturing systems (Strandige and Marvel 2006): • Arrivals of orders, parts, or raw materials • Processing, assembly, or inspection times • Machine failures • Machine repair times • Loading/unloading times • Setup times 2.12 LEAN AND SIMULATION Value stream mapping (VSM) has become the favorite tool to apply lean concepts. VSM is a mapping tool that is used to describe supply chain networks. It maps the production and material flow (Rother and Shook 1999). However, VSM has some disadvantages as suggested by Lian and Van Landeghem (2002): 30PDF Image | Impact of Vacuum-Drying on Efficiency of Hardwood Products
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