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CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW This chapter is a review of the technologies of conventional and vacuum drying, lean manufacturing, and simulation. Information regarding types of conventional and vacuum kilns, drying times, drying quality and drying costs is described from section 2.1 to 2.10. Section 2.11 describes the concepts of lean manufacturing, value stream map and future state map. The last section, 2.12, is about the description of simulation, SimioTM software and how lean manufacturing can be combined with simulation. 2.1 WOOD DRYING Drying is very important step for hardwood manufacturing because it helps to produce a product with less quality losses, and at the same time improves profit. For example, lumber with less than 20% maximum moisture content has little risk of developing stain, and decay. Mechanical properties, such as modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, compressive strength, and shear strength, increase with decrease in moisture content. Removal of excess water reduces weight, which also reduces shipping and handling costs. Properly dried lumber can be cut to precise dimensions and machined more easily and efficiently. Also, finishes like paint and varnish can be more effectively applied and maintained (Jia 2006). The main goal of drying is to remove moisture content. Moisture content can be defined as the amount of water contained in wood, which can be presented as free or bound water. Free water refers to the water contained in the cell cavities, and bound water is the water that is presented between the cell walls. The movement of water or removal of moisture content occurs in four ways during the drying process: (1) liquid water moving through cell structure by capillary action, or free water bulk flow; (2) water vapor moving from high pressure to low pressure zones, or water vapor bulk flow; (3) water vapor diffusion, due to relative humidity gradients; and (4) water molecules from cell walls through diffusion due to differences of moisture content (Chen 2003; Simpson 5PDF Image | Impact of Vacuum-Drying on Efficiency of Hardwood Products
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