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surrounding air conditions (temperature and relative humidity), and the moisture content at which the wood eventually acclimates is therefore called the equilibrium moisture content (EMC). Both the moisture content and the equilibrium moisture content are expressed as a percent (ex., 12% moisture content). Most woodworkers prefer to buy wood that is at 6% to 8% moisture content, because that’s the moisture content to which wood inside our heated and air-conditioned houses will eventually equilibrate. Kiln drying is needed to reach a moisture content this low, because air-dried lumber will only get to 12%–15% or thereabouts (depending on the location). The amount of water in a piece of wood affects its strength and it affects its dimensions; wood shrinks as it dries out. If the moisture content doesn’t change the wood won’t shrink or swell either, and that minimizes problems with finishes, sunken glue lines, mitered corners and so on. Water is distributed throughout the tree; not only does it saturate the cell walls, but when wood is wet enough liquid water is even present in the hollow parts of the fibers and other cells. Water located in the hollow parts of the cells (the lumens) is called free water because it can be removed with little effort; water located in the cell walls is called bound water because it’s harder to get out of the wood. By way of analogy, think of a cellulose kitchen sponge: once you rinse it in the sink all of the large pores are filled with water, and this is similar to green wood. If you squeeze the sponge most of this water is easily removed; this easily-lost water is equivalent to the free water in the wood cell lumens. The sponge still feels wet because the cellulose material itself is saturated, and the remaining water needs to evaporate from the internal surfaces and the smallest pores before the sponge becomes dry. The water that can’t be squeezed out is similar to the bound water in wood. 25PDF Image | HARDWOOD DRY KILN OPERATION A MANUAL FOR OPERATORS OF SMALL DRY KILNS
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