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TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................................... 6 WHY DRY WOOD?.................................................................................................................................................. 7 AN OVERVIEW OF HARDWOOD LUMBER DRYING OPERATIONS ............................................................................ 7 AIR DRYING ON YARDS AND IN SHEDS. .....................................................................................................................7 DRY KILNS. .................................................................................................................................................................8 WHAT KILN OPERATORS NEED TO KNOW ABOUT WOOD STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES .................................... 15 FIBERS......................................................................................................................................................................15 EXTRACTIVES ...........................................................................................................................................................15 PORES AND GROWTH RINGS...................................................................................................................................16 RAYS. .......................................................................................................................................................................18 THE CROSS-SECTION AND THE SIDE GRAIN.............................................................................................................18 FLATSAWN AND QUARTERSAWN BOARDS. ............................................................................................................21 JUVENILE WOOD AND SPIRAL GRAIN......................................................................................................................23 INTERLOCKED GRAIN...............................................................................................................................................24 MOISTURE CONTENT...............................................................................................................................................24 MEASURING MOISTURE CONTENT....................................................................................................................... 26 WET-BASIS MOISTURE CONTENT ............................................................................................................................26 DRY-BASIS MOISTURE CONTENT.............................................................................................................................26 WAYS TO MEASURE MOISTURE CONTENT..............................................................................................................28 HEARTWOOD AND SAPWOOD MOISTURE CONTENTS ......................................................................................... 33 MOISTURE CONTENT VARIABILITY IN LUMBER .................................................................................................... 35 EQUILIBRIUM MOISTURE CONTENT ..................................................................................................................... 41 DIMENSIONAL CHANGES ..................................................................................................................................... 44 HOW DRYING PROGRESSES ................................................................................................................................. 46 WHY KILN TEMPERATURES GET CHANGED DURING DRYING .................................................................................46 3PDF Image | HARDWOOD DRY KILN OPERATION A MANUAL FOR OPERATORS OF SMALL DRY KILNS
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