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Overall kiln performance can be monitored by taking kiln samples. Samples should be selected from the kiln during stacking. The number of samples depends on the condition and drying characteristics of the wood being dried, the type of kiln and the final intended use of the material. Usually, samples are cut from central sections of the lumber to determine moisture content, surface check and stress development as illustrated in Figure 5. Moisture sections and stress sections are cut from each kiln sample to monitor the overall process of drying to target moisture content without any drying defects. For More Information The principles described in this fact sheet are important elements of the efficient utilization of wood products. Detailed information about these elements also can be found in the following references and handbooks: Simpson,W.T. ed.1991. Dry Kiln Operator’s Manual. USDA. Forest Products Laboratory, Madison. Wood Handbook. Wood as an Engineering Material. 1999. USDA, Forest Products Laboratory. GTR-113., Madi- son. Boone. S.C., C. Bois., and E. Wengert. 1988. Dry kiln schedule for commercial woods. Temperate and tropical. USDA Forest Products Laboratory. GTR -57. Madison. Hoadley, B. 1990. Understanding Wood. The Taunton Press, Inc. Newton, CT. Haygreen, J. G. and J.L. Bowyer. 1996 Forest Products and Wood Science. Iowa State University Press, Ames IA. Brown, W. 1989. The conversion and seasoning of wood. Linden publishing Inc, Fresno, California Rietz, R.C., R.H.Page, E.Peck, W.T. Simpson, J.L. Tschernitz, and J.J. Fuller. 1999. Airdrying of lumber. GTR- 117. USDA, Forest Service, Washington D.C. The Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service Bringing the University to You! The Cooperative Extension Service is the largest, most successful informal educational organization in the world. It is a nationwide system funded and guided by a partnership of federal, state, and local governments that delivers information to help people help themselves through the land-grant university system. Extension carries out programs in the broad categories of agri- culture, natural resources and environment; home economics; 4-H and other youth; and community resource development. Extension staff members live and work among the people they serve to help stimulate and educate Americans to plan ahead and cope with their problems. Some characteristics of the Cooperative Extension system are: • The federal, state, and local governments cooperatively share in its financial support and program direction. • It is administered by the land-grant university as designated by the state legislature through an Extension director. • Extension programs are nonpolitical, objective, and based on factual information. • It provides practical, problem-oriented education for people of all ages. It is designated to take the knowledge of the university to those persons who do not or cannot participate in the formal classroom instruction of the university. • It utilizes research from university, government, and other sources to help people make their own decisions. • More than a million volunteers help multiply the impact of the Extension professional staff. • It dispenses no funds to the public. • It is not a regulatory agency, but it does inform people of regulations and of their options in meeting them. • Local programs are developed and carried out in full recogni- tion of national problems and goals. • The Extension staff educates people through personal con- tacts, meetings, demonstrations, and the mass media. • Extension has the built-in flexibility to adjust its programs and subject matter to meet new needs. Activities shift from year to year as citizen groups and Extension workers close to the problems advise changes. Oklahoma State University, in compliance with Title VI and VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Executive Order 11246 as amended, Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, and other federal laws and regulations, does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, age, religion, disability, or status as a veteran in any of its policies, practices or procedures. This includes but is not limited to admissions, employment, financial aid, and educational services. Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Robert E. Whitson, Director of Oklahoma Cooperative Exten- sion Service, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma. This publication is printed and issued by Oklahoma State University as authorized by the Vice President, Dean, and Director of the Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources and has been prepared and distributed at a cost of 74 cents per copy. 0710 146-4PDF Image | Fundamental Aspects of Kiln Drying Lumber
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