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Operational costs – Extra vacuum drying energy calculations Unlike conventional kilns, vacuum kilns are equipped with a vacuum pump to maintain vacuum during drying. Additionally, for the type of vacuum kiln used in this study a condenser fan is used to maintain the desired relative humidity during drying. To operate these devices electrical energy is required. This energy is calculated using: vacuum pump energy (kJ) = vacuum pump rating × vacuum pump usage × drying time (25) 100 condensor fanenergy(kJ)=condensor fanrating×condensor fanusage×dryingtime (26) 100 The total extra energy is calculated using: total extra energy (kJ) = vacuum pump energy + condensor fan energy (27) The total cost of extra vacuum drying energy is determined by: vacuum specific energy ($/yr) = total extra energy × kiln cycles per year × no. of kilns × electricity cost (28) vacuum specific energy ($/m3 ) = vacuum specific energy ($/yr) (29) annual throughput Operational costs – totals The total operational cost per year for conventional drying is determined by: totaloperationalcost($/yr)=air flowcost($/yr)+heatcost($/yr) (30) The total operational cost per year for vacuum drying is determined by: totaloperationalcost($/yr)=air flowcost($/yr)+heatcost($/yr)+vacuumspecificenergy($/yr) (31) For both drying types, the total operational cost per cubic metre is calculated using: total operational cost ($/m3 ) = total operational cost ($/yr) (32) annual throughput Total costs The total cost of drying is calculated using: total dryingcost($/yr)=totalcapitalcost($/yr)+totaloperationalcost($/yr) (33) total drying cost ($/m3 ) = total drying cost ($/yr) (34) annual throughput 3.2.4 Case studies We investigated three (3) case studies to determine the economic viability of vacuum drying compared to conventional drying. Each case study relates to three different sized operations; small, medium and large. For each size of operation, three different sized kilns, typically used by industry, were investigated. The three sizes investigated were 10, 35 and 50 m3 wood 17PDF Image | Evaluation of super-heated steam vacuum drying
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