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total capital cost ($/m 3 ) = total capital cost ($/yr) (15) annual throughput Operations calculations – Air Flow The cost of running the kiln fans is calculated using: air flow cost ($/yr) = kiln cycles per year × no. of fans × fan rating × (16) numberof kilns×kilndryingtime×electricitycost air flowcost($/m3 )= air flowcost($/yr) (17) annual throughput Operations calculations – Heat The quantity of heat energy used per cubic metre for heating the wood, heating the water within the wood and vaporisation of water during kiln drying are calculated using: energy to heat wood (MJ/m3 ) = wood basic density × specific heat of wood × ∆T (18) 1000 Where the specific heat of hardwood is 1.2 kJ/(kg°C) and ∆T is the maximum – minimum drying temperature (°C). For the purpose of this study the minimum drying temperature is assumed ambient temperature at 25°C. energy to heat water (MJ/m3 ) = initial MC × wood basic density × specific heat of water × ∆T (19) 100 1000 Where the specific heat of water is 4.186 kJ/(kg°C). energy to heat water (MJ/m3 ) = initial MC - final MC × wood basic density × heat of vaporisation (20) Where the heat of vaporisation of water is 2.25 MJ/kg (Serway, 1998). energy to vaporise water (MJ/m3 ) = initial MC - final MC × wood basic density × heat of vaporisation (21) 100 The total amount of heat per cubic meter, taking into account the thermal loss is calculated using: (22) heat cost ($/yr) = (kiln cycles per year × total capacity × total heat energy)× cost of heat (23) 100 total heat energy (MJ/m3 ) = (energy to heat wood + energy to heat water + energy to vaporise water ) 1 − thermal loss × 100 The total cost of heat energy is calculated as follows heatcost($/m3 )= heatcost($/yr) annual throughput (24) 16PDF Image | Evaluation of super-heated steam vacuum drying
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