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Knowledge of the proper use of sample boards for monitoring the drying rate when using MC-controlled schedules is assumed (see app. 8, page 136 for a brief summary of this procedure). These schedules are suggested primarily for steam-heated kilns where wet-bulb temperature or relative humidities can be controlled rather precisely, although schedules for direct-fired high-temperature drying of the southern pines are listed. Air speeds through the load (measured on the leaving air side) should be 300 to 400 feet per minute for hardwoods when using a conventional schedule; 500 feet per minute minimum for softwoods when using a conventional schedule; and 700 feet per minute minimum for softwoods using elevated temperature schedules. For high-temperature schedules, air speeds of 800 to 1,500 feet per minute are commonly used. For certain applications or products, many consider the task of kiln drying not completed until the lumber has had the drying stresses relieved. Therefore, a brief discussion of equalizing and conditioning treatments is found in appendix A, page 134. How to Use This Publication Commercial woods (species) in this publication are divided into groups by geographic source of origin: United States and Canada; Latin America (Mexico, Central and South America); Asia and Oceania; Africa; and Europe. Species names are listed alphabetically by common name3 in the Index of Schedules for the U.S. and Canadian sections. A cross-referenced common name-botanical name listing for U.S. and Canadian woods can be found in appendix C, page 137. Because of the many and varied common or commercial names given to individual wood in the non-native U.S. and Canada species, these woods are listed alphabetically by botanical name in the Index of Schedules within their geographic section. A listing of common trade names for these woods is given in appendix D, page 143. The U.S./Canadian woods are divided into two major groups in the schedule index: (1) those to be dried using conventional temperature (max DB temp. (180 °F) schedules or elevated temperature (max. DB temp. 180-212 °F) schedules (Section I), and (2) those dried with high-temperature (max. DB temp. > 212 °F) schedules (Section II). This first group is further divided into hardwood species and softwood (coniferous) species. Within the softwood group there is a further division of MC-controlled schedules and time-controlled schedules. 3Following nomenclature of E. L. Little, Jr. 1979. Checklist of United States trees. Agric. Handb. 541. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 375 p. All schedules in the high-temperature schedules index are time-controlled schedules. The following are some examples of how to use this publication: Example 1: To find the conventional temperature schedule for 414 yellow birch: Step 1–Look in the Index of Schedules for Kiln-Drying U.S. and Canadian Hardwood Species at Conventional and Elevated Temperatures (Section I, page 7). Find “birch, yellow (Betula alleghaniensis).” Step 2–Note in the first column under 414, 514, 614 stock, the listing “75 (T8-C4).” Step 3–Turn to Section VII, “Table 75 (T8-C4),” page 62. Moisture content schedule T8-C4 is completely printed out. Equalizing and/or conditioning treatments may be added. Dry-bulb and wet-bulb settings for these treatments will be determined by predetermined final target MC of stock, see appendix A, page 134. Step 4–If the average MC of your stock is above 40 percent, start at the first step; if average is at a lower MC, enter schedule at appropriate step corresponding to that average MC, using appropriate precautions suggested on p. 5, Specific Procedure for Air-Dried Stock. Example 2: To find the schedule for 814 eastern white pine for use as furniture stock: Step 1–As furniture stock requires close control of final MC, look in the Index of Schedules for Kiln-Drying U.S. and Canadian Softwood Species at Conventional Temperatures- A. Moisture Content-Controlled Schedules, page 12. Find “pine, eastern white (Pin us strob us).” Step 2–Note in the column under 814 stock, the listing “244 (T10-C4)” for the standard schedule and “277” for the antibrown stain schedule. Step 3–Turn to Section VII, page 95, table 244 (T10-C4S), or table 277, page 106. There you will find both MC softwood schedules, completely printed out. Choose between the two to fit your processing and/or end-product requirements. Equalizing and/or conditioning treatments may be added, see appendix A, page 134. 2PDF Image | Dry Kiln Schedules FPL GTR 57
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