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MATEC Web of Conferences 108, 10001 (2017) ICMAA 2017 4 Conclusions Drying kekatong timber using RFV drying system significantly reduced the drying time by 50% of that using conventional kiln-drying system. The quality of timber in terms of the uniformity of MC, shrinkage, surface- and end-checks, warping (cupping, bowing, spring), and drying stress was better than KD. This study has demonstrated that the RFV drying system may be used not only where quality improvement is possible, but also where kiln drying methods become very slow or inefficient toward the end of drying process. Further investigation should be conducted on improving procedure of drying other refractory and thicker heavy hardwoods including possibility to combine RFV drying with kiln drying to take advantages and limitations of these two drying technologies. The present study was conducted on heavy hardwood species which is difficult to dry. The results however can be used as a guide for the timber manufacturer to explore the possible use of RFV for drying other timber of different thicknesses. Since the RFV drying system totally uses electricity for generating high frequency wave as well as operating the chiller, vacuum pump and hydraulic press, it is possible to incorporate RFV with KD in the initial or later stages of drying. Optimizing the drying parameters and improving the permeability of heavy hardwoods are recommended for future study. Acknowledgement The research was financially supported by the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia (Science Fund Project No. 06-03-10-SF0214). Acknowledgement is due to Tanjong, Jamal, and Ascem for their technical assistance. References 1. G.S. Grewal. Kiln drying characteristic of some Malaysian timbers. Timber Trade Leaflet No. 42. Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia (1998) DOI: 10.1051/matecconf/201710810001 2. S. Avramidis, Liu F. Drying characteristics of thick lumber in a laboratory radio-frequency/vacuum dryer. Drying Technology 12(8): 1963-1981 (1994) 3. R.A. Harris, M.A. Taras. Comparison of moisture content distribution, stress distribution, and shrinkage of red oak lumber dried by a radio- frequency/vacuum drying process and a conventional kiln. For. Prod. J. 34(1): 44–54 (1984) 4. R.A. Harris, A.W.C. Lee. Properties of white pine lumber dried by radiofrequency/ vacuum process and conventional kiln process. Wood and Fib. Sci. 17(4): 549–552 (1985) 5. H.S. Jung, C.D. Eom, B.J. So. Comparison of vacuum drying characteristics of radiata pine timber using different heating methods. Drying Tech. 22(5): 1005–1022 (2004) 6. N. Lee, H. Jung. Comparison of shrinkage, checking, and absorbed energy in impact bending of Korean ash squares dried by a radio-frequency/vacuum process and a conventional kiln. For. Prod. J. 50(2): 69–72 (2000) 7. R.A. Harris. Dimensional stability of red oak and eastern white pine dried by radiofrequency/vacuum and conventional drying process. For. Prod. J. 38(2): 25–26 (1988) 8. J. Piao, N. Fujimoto, Y. Yamamoto, S. Nagata. Development of hybrid kiln drying system with radio frequency heating for the sugi heart timber. Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University 52(1): 117-121 (2007) 9. W.T. Simpson. Dry Kiln Operator’s Manual Handbook AH-188, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory: Madison, WI. Pp 11–150 (1991) 10. P.K.B. Menon. Structure and identification of Malayan woods. Revised by S. Ani, S.C. Lim. Malayan Forest Records No. 25. Forest Research Institute Malaysia: Kepong. P. 55 (1993) 5PDF Image | Characteristics of Timbers Dried Using Kiln Drying
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