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AC 43.13-1B 9/8/98 5-113. APPLICATIONS. A wide variety of structures and materials, such as: wood, plas- tic, fiberglass, and metals can be inspected by the acoustic-emission technique by applying stress on the test material. The emis- sion-producing mechanism in each type of material may differ, but characteristic acous- tic-emissions are produced and can be corre- lated to the integrity of the material. Acous- tic-emission technology has been applied quite successfully in monitoring proof tests of pres- sure vessels and tests of fiber-reinforced plas- tic structures of all kinds. There are now ASTM standards and ASME codes applying to its use in testing gas cylinders and both metal and fiber-reinforced plastic vessels, tanks, and piping. For a welded structure such as a pressure ves- sel, acoustic-emission testing works well with relatively simple instrumentation. However, slight movement of bolted or riveted joints can also generate acoustic signals. Thus a complex structure may have many acoustic sources be- sides flaws in its components. These un- wanted emission sources greatly complicate acoustic-emission tests of complex structures. The difficulties are not prohibitive, but they put a premium on the intelligent use of signal processing and interpretation. Therefore, be- cause of the complexity of aircraft structures, application of acoustic-emission testing to air- craft has required a new level of sophistication, both in testing techniques and data interpreta- tion. Research and testing programs are cur- rently in progress to determine the feasibility of acoustic-emission testing on several differ- ent types of aircraft. 5-120. GENERAL. Thermography is an NDI technique that uses radiant electromagnetic thermal energy to detect flaws. The presence of a flaw is indicated by an abnormal tem- perature variant when the item is subjected to normal heating and cooling conditions inherent to the in-service life, and/or when artificially heated or cooled. The greater the material’s resistance to heat flow, the more readily the flow can be identified due to temperature dif- ferences caused by the flaw. 5-127. GENERAL. Holography is an NDI technique that uses visible light waves cou- pled with photographic equipment to create a three-dimensional image. The process uses two laser beams, one called a reference beam and the other called an object beam. The two laser beams are directed to an object, between beam applications the component is stressed. The beams are then compared and recorded on film, or other electronic recording medium, creating a double image. Indications of ap- plied stresses or defects are shown as virtual images with a system of fringe lines overlay- ing the part. Holography is most commonly used for rapid assessment of surface flaws in composite structures. 5-128.5-133. [RESERVED.] Page 5-54 Par 5-113 5-114.5-119. [RESERVED.] SECTION 10. THERMOGRAPHY 5-121.5-126. [RESERVED.] SECTION 11. HOLOGRAPHYPDF Image | AFS-640
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