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9/8/98 AC 43.13-1B 5-15. GENERAL. Visual inspection is the oldest and most common form of NDI for air- craft. Approximately 80 percent of all NDI procedures are accomplished by the direct vis- ual methods. This inspection procedure may be greatly enhanced by the use of appropriate combinations of magnifying instruments, borescopes, light sources, video scanners, and other devices discussed in this AC. Visual in- spection provides a means of detecting and ex- amining a wide variety of component and ma- terial surface discontinuities, such as cracks, corrosion, contamination, surface finish, weld joints, solder connections, and adhesive dis- bonds. Visual inspection is widely used for detecting and examining aircraft surface cracks, which are particularly important be- cause of their relationship to structural failures. Visual inspection is frequently used to provide verification when defects are found initially using other NDI techniques. The use of opti- cal aids for visual inspection is beneficial and recommended. Optical aids magnify defects that cannot be seen by the unaided eye and also permit visual inspection in inaccessible areas. 5-16. SIMPLE VISUAL INSPECTION AIDS. It should be emphasized that the eye- mirror-flashlight is a critical visual inspection process. Aircraft structure and components that must be routinely inspected are frequently located beneath skin, cables, tubing, control rods, pumps, actuators, etc. Visual inspection aids such as a powerful flashlight, a mirror with a ball joint, and a 2 to 10 power magni- fying glass are essential in the inspection proc- ess. a. Flashlights. Flashlights used for air- craft inspection should be suitable for indus- trial use and, where applicable, safety ap- proved by the Underwriters Laboratory or equivalent agency as suitable for use in haz- ardous atmospheres such as aircraft fuel tanks. Military Specification MIL-F-3747E, flash- lights: plastic case, tubular (regular, explosion- proof, explosion-proof heat resistant, traffic di- recting, and inspection-light), provides re- quirements for flashlights suitable for use in aircraft inspection. However, at the present time, the flashlights covered by this specifica- tion use standard incandescent lamps and there are no standardized performance tests for flashlights with the brighter bulbs: Krypton, Halogen, and Xenon. Each flashlight manu- facturer currently develops its tests and pro- vides information on its products in its adver- tising literature. Therefore, when selecting a flashlight for use in visual inspection, it is sometimes difficult to directly compare prod- ucts. The following characteristics should be considered when selecting a flashlight: foot- candle rating; explosive atmosphere rating; beam spread (adjustable, spot, or flood); effi- ciency (battery usage rate); brightness after extended use; and rechargeable or standard batteries. (If rechargeable, how many hours of continuous use and how long is required for recharging?) If possible, it would be best to take it apart and inspect for quality of con- struction and to actually use the flashlight like it would be used in the field. Inspection flash- lights are available in several different bulb brightness levels: (1) Standard incandescent (for long- battery life). (2) Krypton (for 70 percent more light than standard bulbs). (3) Halogen (for up to 100 percent more light than standard bulbs). (4) Xenon (for over 100 percent more light than standard bulbs). Par 5-15 Page 5-9 SECTION 2. VISUAL INSPECTIONPDF Image | AFS-640
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