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AC 43.13-1B 9/8/98 college, or technical school, plus 2 years of experience as a Level II in the applicable NDT methods: or (3) The individual must have 4 years of experience working as a Level II in the appli- cable NDT methods and complete an exami- nation. 5-4. TRAINING, QUALIFICATION, AND CERTIFICATION. The success of any NDI method and procedure depends upon the knowledge, skill, and experience of the NDI personnel involved. The person(s) responsible for detecting and interpreting indications, such as eddy current, X-ray, or ultrasonic NDI, must be qualified and certified to specific FAA, or other acceptable government or industry stan- dards, such as MIL-STD-410, Nondestructive Testing Personnel Qualification and Certifica- tion, or Air Transport Association (ATA) Specification 105-Guidelines for Training and Qualifying Personnel in Nondestructive Test- ing Methods. The person should be familiar with the test method, know the potential types of discontinuities peculiar to the material, and be familiar with their effect on the structural integrity of the part. 5-5. FLAWS. Although a specific discus- sion of flaws and processes will not be given in this AC, the importance of this area should not be minimized. Inspection personnel should know where flaws occur or can be ex- pected to exist and what effect they can have in each of the NDI test methods. Misinterpreta- tion and/or improper evaluation of flaws or improper performance of NDI can result in serviceable parts being rejected and defective parts being accepted. All NDI personnel should be familiar with the detection of flaws such as: corrosion, inherent flaws, primary processing flaws, secondary processing or finishing flaws, and in-service flaws. The following paragraphs classify and discuss the types of flaws or anomalies that may be detected by NDI. a. Corrosion. This is the electrochemical deterioration of a metal resulting from chemi- cal reaction with the surrounding environment. Corrosion is very common and can be an ex- tremely critical defect. Therefore, NDI per- sonnel may devote a significant amount of their inspection time to corrosion detection. b. Inherent Flaws. This group of flaws is present in metal as the result of its initial so- lidification from the molten state, before any of the operations to forge or roll it into useful sizes and shapes have begun. The following are brief descriptions of some inherent flaws. (1) Primary pipe is a shrinkage cavity that forms at the top of an ingot during metal solidification, which can extend deep into the ingot. Failure to cut away all of the ingot shrinkage cavity can result in unsound metal, called pipe, that shows up as irregular voids in finished products. (2) Blowholes are secondary pipe holes in metal that can occur when gas bubbles are trapped as the molten metal in an ingot mold solidifies. Many of these blowholes are clean on the interior and are welded shut into sound metal during the first rolling or forging of the ingot. However, some do not weld and can appear as seams or laminations in finished products. (3) Segregation is a nonuniform distri- bution of various chemical constituents that can occur in a metal when an ingot or casting solidifies. Segregation can occur anywhere in the metal and is normally irregular in shape. However, there is a tendency for some con- stituents in the metal to concentrate in the liq- uid that solidifies last. Page 5-2 Par 5-3PDF Image | AFS-640
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