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that has such approval authority (Standards Committee, Standards Council, and so on). These committees may also consider conflicts with other existing standards and the scope of the project as it relates to the goals and objectives of their organization. 2.2 Model Codes Model codes are just as the name implies—models of a code that anyone (typically federal, state, or local agencies) can adopt to address design, construction, and operation of buildings and facilities. Without a model code, each adopting entity would have to develop its own unique criteria—a costly, time-consuming, and easily outdated process. Model codes are written in enforceable language that meets the needs of the enforcement community. Model codes are written in a prescriptive manner so that the requirements are easily understood. Model codes usually present detailed prescriptive criteria and then allow alternative materials, methods or equipment based on performance equivalency. They contain minimum requirements that are needed to protect the health, life-safety, and welfare of the public. Issues such as carpet quality would not be addressed within a model code, although the fire characteristics of the carpet would be addressed. Model codes are not legislation or regulations, nor are they standards as described in Section 2.1., but when formally adopted, they do become enforceable law. Model codes rely on standards developed by others and refer to them as needed. A model code provides the regulatory framework under which a standard can be referenced. Model codes offer an equal opportunity to all to participate in the development and revision process. Anyone can submit a code change; publication of code changes is available to all who request copies and open hearings are held, in which the merits of each proposed change are debated. The code officials vote on what they consider acceptable changes, based on oral and written testimony, and changes are finalized every year. This contrasts with the standards development process, in which it is possible to intervene in the process of development and publication through numerous comment and appeal processes. Within each of the model codes, numerous subject areas are covered. And revisions to one subject area may impact (or be affected by) other areas. For example, studies have shown that energy could be conserved in some climatic locations if cathedral ceilings did not have to be ventilated. The building code mandates such ventilation and overrides the energy code. The use of photovoltaic shingles may be impacted by provisions in the building code for roof coverings. The mechanical code contains provisions for the safe installation of ground source heat pumps, which could adversely affect the deployment of that equipment. The fuel gas code has, in some instances, precluded the installation of high-efficiency gas heating equipment because it did not meet the venting requirements contained in the code. The national model building codes generally incorporate by reference other model codes and standards as establishing the requirements for specific equipment installations or systems such as electrical, fuel gas, mechanical plumbing, and fire protection. Provisions of the building codes apply to the construction, alteration, moving, demolition, repair, maintenance, and use of any building or 2.7PDF Image | PNNL 13277
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