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generally are referenced or transcribed within model codes. Standards also usually are focused on a specific aspect of the subject of interest. 2.1.1 Types of Standards Product testing standards or test methods provide for the uniform testing and evaluation of a product or material. One example is a test to determine the combustion characteristics of various building materials (rate of flame spread, smoke emission profile, etc). Although other documents establish the maximum acceptable values for these effects, a uniform test is necessary to determine these numbers irrespective of material, so different materials/products can be compared fairly. Rating standards address the performance of a specific product or material. An example of a rating standard is one for air-source heat pumps developed by the Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI). Such a standard allows all such equipment to be tested and rated so the output at various input and ambient conditions can be measured and results equitably compared from manufacturer to manufacturer. Other examples in this category include tensile strength and/or flexibility of a stated material (concrete). Minimum acceptable design or construction standards typically do not involve testing or rating a specific product, but rather the attributes required in a specific building design. For this reason the systems interacting within–and reacting to--that design may prove to be difficult to quantify. The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.(ASHRAE) Standard 90.1 consumed a decade of analysis, debate and open meetings before establishing criteria to represent an energy-efficient commercial building. Voluntary consensus or industry standards are neither legislation nor regulations. However, these standards might be adopted into law by federal, state, or local agencies. Until adopted, they are as the name implies—voluntary. As new technologies, products, or processes are developed, new standards typically rise to cover testing, rating, and design. Circular A119 of the U.S. Office of Management and Budget requires federal government agencies to use voluntary standards for regulatory and procurement purposes, when appropriate. 2.1.2 Standards Developers The following paragraphs provide brief descriptions of organizations most involved in the development of standards related to the power generation industry. These organizations do not write the standards but provide the protocols and process support for standards development. While staff members provide the necessary support functions, the actual development and maintenance of a given standard and technical interaction with those who comment on that standard are performed by volunteers who represent a broad range of interests. Although the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) coordinates standards initiatives within the United States, there are those who do not use ANSI processes. In addition, there are standards 2.2PDF Image | PNNL 13277
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